A global atlas of artificial light at night under the sea

Smyth, Tim; Wright, A. E.; McKee, David; Tidau, Svenja; Tamir, Raz; Dubinsky, Zvy; Iluz, David; Davies, Thomas W.

doi:10.1525/elementa.2021.00049

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(86 reference statements)

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“…It is reported that between one tenth to one fifth of global land experiencing some degree of light pollution [30]. Additionally, almost seventy five percent of the seafloor adjacent to cities reported to be affected by artificial light at night to a level that could create negative biological responses for the animals living in that vicinity [31]. It is reported that aside from its negative effects on human wellbeing, artificial light at night shows disruptive effects on different land and water-based organisms while negatively impacting their natural circadian systems [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimming the Lights to Support the Overall Human Wellbeing In An Urban Context

Akanpinar¹

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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In modern times we are exposing ourselves to artificial light sources more than our ancestors were and it is conflicting with learned behaviours developed during the evolutionary process over thousands of years. In this review paper, the effect of this rapid change and possible effects on human wellbeing is questioned. Publications detailing, the health consequences of circadian disruptions and the current stage of global artificial light at night publications have been reviewed to see the level of intrusive lighting at night and to understand the possible connection. The current level of light pollution is mainly questioned as it is reported that the human circadian system and melatonin suppression is more sensitive to a lower level of light than has been previously reported [1]. During the time of review “Light at Night and Circadian” terms used in at Google Chrome search engine and, 24,557 publications were found on Science Direct [2], 17,500 publications were found on Google Scholar [3], and 1,240 free publications were found on PubMed [4] sites that are directly related to the circadian rhythm and light at night topics. Among those publications, recently published research papers (2010-2020) have been selected for review to narrow down the reviewed light sources to light emitting diodes (LEDs) as it is noted that the circadian system is susceptible to the blue wavelengths and LEDs are showing a peak in their spectrum at the same sensitivity area. At the end of the review, possible direct connections between the use of artificial light and adverse physiological and psychological effects with more severe health problems have been found. In addition, the current light pollution studies showed that vast majority of the global population is living under light polluted skies and possibly experiencing the negative effects of disrupted circadian system daily and therefore experiencing deteriorating effects of circadian disruptions and personal wellbeing. As the use of artificial light rapidly increases with global population, exposure to artificial light will increase exponentially in the near future and not only human beings but also the rest of the ecosystem will suffer from its negative effects. Because of this rapid change we should start implementing more stringent guidelines written with consideration for the health implications of artificial light while controlling the excessive use of it. Also, as the LED based lighting systems increase their popularity worldwide, we should start researching a possible modification to reduce the impact of the LED lighting on circadian system and its negative effects on human wellbeing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimming the Lights to Support the Overall Human Wellbeing In An Urban Context

Akanpinar¹

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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“…Those authors showed that in laboratory conditions ALAN (~ 200 lux) (Falchi et al, 2016) and sea surface irradiances (Davies et al, 2020), coupled with the monthly climatologies of globally inherent optical water properties and validated against in situ data collected from the Persian Gulf (Tamir et al, 2017). "Biologically important ALAN" is defined as the minimum irradiances of white light that elicit diel vertical migration in female Calanus copepods (Båtnes et al, 2013) [see Smyth et al, 2021 Bregazzi and Naylor (1972), A. longicornis was found to recover its natural rhythm of activity shortly after ALAN was removed from the system (Lynn, Flynn, et al, 2021). By contrast, Fanini et al (2016) found that the locomotor activity of the amphipod Platorchestia smithi was similar in a beach exposed to ALAN with respect to another that was not exposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The data is derived from the relationship between The New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness (Falchi et al, 2016) and sea surface irradiances (Davies et al, 2020), coupled with the monthly climatologies of globally inherent optical water properties and validated against in situ data collected from the Persian Gulf (Tamir et al, 2017). “Biologically important ALAN” is defined as the minimum irradiances of white light that elicit diel vertical migration in female Calanus copepods (Båtnes et al, 2013) [see Smyth et al, 2021 for further details]. Maps are representative of average ALAN penetration over a typical year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We now know that at least 22% of coastal regions are exposed to ALAN (Davies et al, 2014), and the light from cities is sufficient to elicit biological responses in animals on the seafloor in adjacent habitats (Ayalon, Rosenberg, et al, 2021; Davies et al, 2020). 1.9 million km 2 of the world's coastal seas are exposed to ALAN at 1 m depth, 1.6 million km 2 at 10 m depth, and 840,000 km 2 at 20 m depth (Figure 1a) (Smyth et al, 2021). The most exposed regions include the Mediterranean (Figure 1b), the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (Figure 1c), and the seas of South‐East Asia (Figure 1d).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of artificial light at night in marine ecosystems—A review

Marangoni

Davies

Smyth

et al. 2022

Global Change Biology

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The globally widespread adoption of Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) began in the mid‐20th century. Yet, it is only in the last decade that a renewed research focus has emerged into its impacts on ecological and biological processes in the marine environment that are guided by natural intensities, moon phase, natural light and dark cycles and daily light spectra alterations. The field has diversified rapidly from one restricted to impacts on a handful of vertebrates, to one in which impacts have been quantified across a broad array of marine and coastal habitats and species. Here, we review the current understanding of ALAN impacts in diverse marine ecosystems. The review presents the current state of knowledge across key marine and coastal ecosystems (sandy and rocky shores, coral reefs and pelagic) and taxa (birds and sea turtles), introducing how ALAN can mask seabird and sea turtle navigation, cause changes in animals predation patterns and failure of coral spawning synchronization, as well as inhibition of zooplankton Diel Vertical Migration. Mitigation measures are recommended, however, while strategies for mitigation were easily identified, barriers to implementation are poorly understood. Finally, we point out knowledge gaps that if addressed would aid in the prediction and mitigation of ALAN impacts in the marine realm.

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“…Human-produced light at night from electric light sources is often noted by the initialism ALAN, meaning anthropogenic light at night or artificial light at night. ALAN is increasing year over year [1,2], penetrates marine ecosystems [3], and is exacerbated by increasing market penetration of "blue-rich" LED sources producing consistent short wavelength radiation in the 400 -500 nm (violet-blue) range (see for example, [4]). As of 2018, LED outdoor lighting had an estimated penetration rate of 46 -50% [5], and it is estimated that the demand for per-capita light consumption has not been saturated [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amber is not yet the white knight for sustainable outdoor light

Radetsky

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Non-white light (NWL), and specifically yellow-orange or amber light sources, are often posed as a solution for environmentally sensitive areas and for astronomical sky glow. Lighting requirements published by various institutions ranging from public advocacy groups to governmental regulators demonstrate little agreement on NWL spectral thresholds and metrics. A recent market and performance analysis of NWL policies and products found that current international guidelines are not aligned, the terminology currently used by the lighting industry is inconsistent, and NWL LED products would likely not meet performance requirements for luminaire efficacy or colour rendition set by existing certification bodies.

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A global atlas of artificial light at night under the sea

Cited by 19 publications

References 48 publications

Dimming the Lights to Support the Overall Human Wellbeing In An Urban Context

Dimming the Lights to Support the Overall Human Wellbeing In An Urban Context

Impacts of artificial light at night in marine ecosystems—A review

Amber is not yet the white knight for sustainable outdoor light

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