A Glimpse into Milestones of Insulin Resistance and an Updated Review of Its Management

Abstract

Insulin is the main metabolic regulator of fuel molecules in the diet, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It does so by facilitating glucose influx from the circulation into the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal myocytes. The outcome of which is subjected to glycogenesis in skeletal muscle and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, as well as in the liver. Therefore, insulin has an anabolic action while, on the contrary, hypoinsulinemia promotes the reverse process. Protein breakdown in myocytes is also encountered during the late stages of diabetes mellitus. The balance of the blood glucose level in physiological conditions is maintained by virtue of the interactive functions of insulin and glucagon. In insulin resistance (IR), the balance is disturbed because glucose transporters (GLUTs) of cell membranes fail to respond to this peptide hormone, meaning that glucose molecules cannot be internalized into the cells, the consequence of which is hyperglycemia. To develop the full state of diabetes mellitus, IR should be associated with the impairment of insulin release from beta-cells of the pancreas. Periodic screening of individuals of high risk, such as those with obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and pregnant nulliparous women in antenatal control, is vital, as these are important checkpoints to detect cases of insulin resistance. This is pivotal as IR can be reversed, provided it is detected in its early stages, through healthy dietary habits, regular exercise, and the use of hypoglycemic agents. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, preventive methods, and management of IR in brief.

Relationship between Body Mass Index and Low-Density Lipoprotein and Triglycerides in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

“…Impaired glucose metabolism is caused by two main factors, namely inadequate insulin secretion (insulin deficiency) and insensitivity of body tissues to insulin (insulin resistance), and is supported by environmental factors (environment) [19]. The body needs glucose as the main ingredient in the formation of energy.…”

“…When insulin resistance occurs, insulin cannot be used and causes glucose levels in the blood to increase, known as insulin resistance. [19] When the glucose level in the blood increases, glucose will be excreted through the urine.…”

Identification of dual-target isoxazolidine-isatin hybrids with antidiabetic potential: Design, synthesis, in vitro and multiscale molecular modeling approaches

“…Diabetes mellites is an incurable disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body is not able to use insulin effectively which is a hormone that regulates blood sugar (essential "fuel" for its functioning) [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]. Over the past decade, the mortality rate caused by diabetes has continued to increase, exceeding 34% [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] ].…”