“…They are used in a wide range of analytical applications, including diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, biowarfare detection (A. H. Peruski et al, 2002;A. H. Peruski and L. F. Peruski, 2003), environmental monitoring (Palchetti and Mascini, 2008) (Rebe Raz and Haasnoot, 2011), drug discovery (Cooper and Cooper, 2002;Myszka and Rich, 2000), cell biology (H. Lee et al, 2008;Roelse et al, 2013), cancer research (Voura et al, 2004) (Wang, 2006) and point-of-care diagnostic testing (Wan et al, 2013) (Watkins et al, 2013). Here, we address a key challenge to developing label-free homogenous biosensors for sensitive biomolecular detection and kinetic analysis using microfluidic biosensing systems that normally require fluorescently labeled biomolecules and optical quantification.…”