“…Types of interdependence Rinaldi et al [1] Physical, Cyber, Geographic, Logical Zimmerman [3] Functional, Spatial Dudenhoeffer et al [4] Physical, Geospatial, Policy, Informational Wallace et al [5] Input, Mutual, Shared, Exclusive, Co-located Zhang ad Peeta [6] Functional, Physical, Budgetary, Market and Economic Cimellaro et al [2] Physical, Cyber, Geographical, Policy/Procedural, Societal, Budgetary, Market & Economy Different modeling and simulation approaches have been developed to analyze interdependency. They are broadly categorized by the authors in to five types: (a) system dynamics based models, (b) network based models, (c) empirical approaches, (d) agent based models and (e) economic theory based models.…”
“…Types of interdependence Rinaldi et al [1] Physical, Cyber, Geographic, Logical Zimmerman [3] Functional, Spatial Dudenhoeffer et al [4] Physical, Geospatial, Policy, Informational Wallace et al [5] Input, Mutual, Shared, Exclusive, Co-located Zhang ad Peeta [6] Functional, Physical, Budgetary, Market and Economic Cimellaro et al [2] Physical, Cyber, Geographical, Policy/Procedural, Societal, Budgetary, Market & Economy Different modeling and simulation approaches have been developed to analyze interdependency. They are broadly categorized by the authors in to five types: (a) system dynamics based models, (b) network based models, (c) empirical approaches, (d) agent based models and (e) economic theory based models.…”
“…A recent analysis (Ouyang, 2014) of the taxonomies of Rinaldi et al (2001), Zimmerman (2001), Dudenhoeffer et al (2006), Wallace et al (2003) and Zhang and Peeta (2011) concluded that "some interdependency examples in practice cannot be definitely categorized by some classifications", and only the classification proposed by Rinaldi et al (2001) covered all ten real-world interdependency examples analysed.…”
Abstract:The interdependencies within and between infrastructure systems can produce benefits and risks. The perception and value of these relationships can vary significantly depending on the viewpoint of the actors within the system. The current methods for describing these relationships do not necessarily account for these different perspectives, and tend to focus on reducing the risks and vulnerabilities associated with interdependency. By taking a holistic, multi-stakeholder approach of the infrastructure system it is possible to also identify the proactive opportunities for improving efficiency, effectiveness and resilience that can emerge from the relationships. A taxonomy is presented which allows for the characterisation of infrastructure relationships in multiple dimensions, with particular focus on identifying opportunities in a way that is therefore complementary to current methods. An application of this taxonomy to the identification of potentially beneficial relationships within the UK infrastructure system is described.Keywords: infrastructure interdependency; system-of-systems; systems architecture framework.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Carhart, N. and Rosenberg, G. (2016) His research has included the development and implementation of new accident modelling techniques and process to enhance socio-technical resilience within high-hazard industries. Under ICIF he is involved in researching the planning and management of emergent properties within the infrastructure system-of-systems in order to enhance the value proposition and ensure the sustainable delivery of the valued society outcomes it facilitates. This has looked at supporting resilience at all levels of the system from the individual user to the governance structures and the critical role that learning and education play in managing the complex challenges of the future. He is also the editor of the Hazards Forum Newsletter.
Ges Rosenberg is a Research Fellow in the Engineering Systems and DesignResearch Group at the University of Bristol focussed on systems-based, interdisciplinary approaches to engineering. His key themes include uncertainty management, evidence-based decision making, sustainability, resilience and 36 N. Carhart and G. Rosenberg creating value through co-design of innovative business models. His research includes co-developing the interdependency planning and management framework for UK Treasury's Green Book supplementary guidance: valuing infrastructure spend. He is the Network Manager for the EPSRC-funded project 'Redistributed Manufacturing | Resilient Sustainable City'. His prior background is in aerospace engineering including mathematical modelling, simulation and analysis of linear and nonlinear dynamic systems, and controls-structures interaction. This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled 'Establishing a common language of infrastructure interdependency' presented at the
“…Here, physical, informational, geospatial, policy/procedural, and societal dependencies each have a coupled structure-behavior representation in the infrastructure network. Another approach uses a multi-layered network flow formulation to represent interdependencies among infrastructure systems [17]. In this case.…”
Abstract-Design of future hard infrastructure must consider emergent behaviors from cross-system interdependencies. Understanding these interdependencies is challenging due to high levels of integration in high-performance systems and their operation as a collaborative system-of-systems managed by multiple organizations. Existing modeling frameworks have limitations for strategic planning either because important spatial structure attributes have been abstracted out or behavioral models are oriented to shorter-term analysis with a static network structure. This paper presents a formal modeling framework as a first step to integrating infrastructure system models in a system-of-systems simulation addressing these concerns. First, a graph-theoretic structural framework captures the spatial dimension of physical infrastructure. An element's simulation state includes location, parent, resource contents, and operational state properties. Second, a functional behavioral framework captures the temporal dimension of infrastructure operations at a level suitable for strategic analysis. Resource behaviors determine the flow of resources into or out of nodes and element behaviors modify other state including the network structure. Two application use cases illustrate the usefulness of the modeling framework in varying contexts. The first case applies the framework to future space exploration infrastructure with an emphasis on mobile system elements and discrete resource flows. The second case applies the framework to infrastructure investment in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on immobile system elements aggregated at the city level and continuous resource flows. Finally, conclusions present future work planned for implementing the framework in a simulation software tool.
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