A general model of sexual and natural selection

O'Donald, Peter

doi:10.1038/hdy.1967.66

Cited by 95 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Fisher (1930) argued that the coadaptation between male secondary sexual characters and female preference occurs through a runaway process, and this argument was confirmed by theoretical models (O'Donald 1967;Lande 1981;Kirkpatrick 1982). Paterson (1985) coined the term, mate recognition system (MRS) for such a co-adapted mating system and reasoned that it assures species' identities by providing a concrete species recognition mechanism and preventing mating with other close species.…”

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A Deterministic Genetic Model for Sympatric Speciation by Sexual Selection

2000

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Abstract. A deterministic haploid genetic model confirms and explores in more detail the results of our previous individual-based simulation model for sympatric speciation by sexual selection. With the deterministic model, we are able to elucidate parameter dependence by phase plane analysis. We clarify how and why sympatric speciation by sexual selection can happen in a number of ways: (1) Female preferences for or against particular types of males have different effects. Whereas the former affects how readily speciation is invoked, the latter changes the stability of speciation equilibrium. (2) When there is no cost on male ornamentations, speciation is triggered regardless of initial haplotype frequencies if sufficient female preference is provided. (3) There exists a threshold for female initial frequencies for speciation to be invoked, but male initial frequencies have little effect. (4) A small cost on female mate choice does not cancel speciation, but when large, it greatly reduces the possibility of speciation.Key words. Cichlids, disruptive sexual selection, interbreeding, mate recognition system, separatrix, sexual selection, speciation.Received November 12, 1999. Accepted July 14, 2000.Sexual selection was first suggested by Darwin (1871) to explain exaggerated male secondary sexual characters and female preference for them. Fisher (1930) argued that the coadaptation between male secondary sexual characters and female preference occurs through a runaway process, and this argument was confirmed by theoretical models (O'Donald 1967;Lande 1981;Kirkpatrick 1982). Paterson (1985) coined the term, mate recognition system (MRS) for such a co-adapted mating system and reasoned that it assures species' identities by providing a concrete species recognition mechanism and preventing mating with other close species. Because the direction of runaway process, which is thought to be initiated by a random increase of female preference, is also random (Lande 1981), the resulting MRSs will differ among geographically isolated populations. Sexual selection has therefore been considered to be a strong force that causes allopatric speciation (Andersson 1994). A question that arises here is whether two different MRSs are established in one population sympatrically, if some initial variabilities of male secondary sexual characters and female preference are provided.This idea has been examined by computer simulation models (Wu 1985;Turner and Burrows 1995;Higashi et al. 1999). We and Turner and Burrows attained stable sympatric speciation. Turner and Burrows, starting from a population with an already established MRS, demonstrated the evolution of an alternative MRS while the first MRS remains in the population. Their analysis, however, is limited. They did not examine the dependence of their key parameter: the cost of the male secondary sexual character (Higashi et al. 1999). Simulations of our individual-based model started from evolutionary established (stationary) trait distributions, where the divergence of mating trait...

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A Deterministic Genetic Model for Sympatric Speciation by Sexual Selection

2000

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“…Since the mating preference itself adds to the advantage of the preferred character, a "runaway process ", as Fisher called it, develops. Mathematical models (O'Donald, 1967) have confirmed that mating preference genes will be selected as a result of the inevitable correlation which develops between them and the genes that determine the advantageous character. The earlier the mating preference is established for the advantageous character, the greater is the correlation between the loci involved and the faster the selection.…”

Section: Sexual Selection and A55ortative Matingmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Extreme examples of sexual dimorphism, in which the males have very exaggerated characteristics for sexual display, are often to be seen in polygamous species of birds. Models of sexual selection in polygamous species show that the selection will be faster if a recessive gene is selected than if a dominant gene is selected (O'Donald, 1963(O'Donald, , 1967. If the selection is the result of a female mating preference for certain male phenotypes, genetic factors determining the mating preference will also be selected (Fisher, 1930;O'Donald, 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Models of sexual selection in polygamous species show that the selection will be faster if a recessive gene is selected than if a dominant gene is selected (O'Donald, 1963(O'Donald, , 1967. If the selection is the result of a female mating preference for certain male phenotypes, genetic factors determining the mating preference will also be selected (Fisher, 1930;O'Donald, 1967). Stable polymorphisms can be set up if natural selection opposes the sexual selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Models of sexual and natural selection in polygamous species

O'Donald

1973

Heredity

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SUMMARYThe distinction between sexual selection and assortative mating is discussed. It is argued that assortative mating might evolve as a result of sexual selection.Simple models of sexual selection show that stable polymorphisms can be established by alleles with a wide range of additive and dominant effects. In more general models, the sexual selection is determined by female mating preferences depending partly on the frequencies of the preferred genotypes. However, if the mating preferences are directly proportional to the genotypic frequencies, there is no resulting selective effect on the population. When natural selection opposes the sexual selection, the ratio of the proportion of females exercising the mating preference to the natural selective coefficient determines whether a stable polymorphism can be established or not. Semler's experiments show that male sticklebacks who develop the typical red throat colour in the breeding season have a considerable sexual advantage over those who do not develop the colour. But they are at a selective disadvantage from predators. The frequency of the red males fits the model of a recessive gene maintained by a balance of sexual and natural selection.

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“…MAr of the published models of sexual selection and assortative mating have been derived on the assumption that a certain proportion of individuals mate preferentially with those who have particular genotypes or phenotypes (O 'Donald, 1960'Donald, , 1962'Donald, , 1967'Donald, , 1973'Donald, , 1974Karlin, 1969;Karlin and Scudo, 1969;Scudo and Karlin, 1969). Experiments have usually shown that only the females exercise any preference for their mates (Ehrman, 1966(Ehrman, , 1967(Ehrman, , 1968(Ehrman, , 1969(Ehrman, , 1972Spiess, 1968;Spiess and Spiess, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A general model of mating behaviour with natural selection and female preference

O'Donald

1978

Heredity

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A model is analysed in which female mating preferences are expressed partially, depending on the frequencies of the males. A female, who has been stimulated sufficiently to mate with a male of the phenotype she prefers, will only mate with another male after a certain number of extra encounters with the others. After n of these extra encounters, females with preferences mate randomly with any male. The probability that n encounters occur depends on the frequencies of the different male phenotypes. If n = 1, the mating advantage gained by the preferred males rises slightly as their frequency increases: either natural selection against the preferred phenotypes outweighs their mating advantage and they are eliminated, or they spread through the population to fixation; stable polymorphisms cannot become established. If n> 1, the mating advantage declines with increasing frequency: stable polymorphisms can exist over a range of values of the parameters of mating preference and natural selection.As n increases, the mating advantage becomes more strongly frequencydependent and a wider range of values of parameters gives rise to stable polymorphisms. When n> 5, the results are very close to those of models in which mating preferences are always expressed. The rates of selection and equilibrium frequencies are the same for preferred characters determined either by dominant or by recessive alleles. In the models the preferred character is either sex-limited and expressed only in males or expressed in both sexes. If it is expressed in both sexes, the effect of natural selection is doubled, and twice as many females must have the mating preference before the preferred character may start to spread through the population.

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A general model of sexual and natural selection

Cited by 95 publications

References 4 publications

A Deterministic Genetic Model for Sympatric Speciation by Sexual Selection

A Deterministic Genetic Model for Sympatric Speciation by Sexual Selection

Models of sexual and natural selection in polygamous species

A general model of mating behaviour with natural selection and female preference

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