A General Investigation into the Mortality and Multiplication of the Human Species

Euler, Leonard

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81046-6_11

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In chronic tests with D. magna the population growth rate ( r ) was calculated from the integration of the age‐specific data on survival and fecundity probabilities. The r ‐values were calculated iteratively from the Euler/Lotka Equation 1 [34,35] where r is the per capita rate of increase for the population (1/d), x is the age class ([d]; 1, 2, 3, …, Ω), Ω is the oldest age class in the population (30th day in the present study), l x is the probability of surviving at age x , and m x is the neonates per mother at age x .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and delayed effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on seven freshwater arthropods

Beketov

Liess

2008

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

194

105

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Ecotoxicological risk assessment of contaminants often is based on toxicity tests with continuous-exposure profiles. However, input of many contaminants (e.g., insecticides) to surface waters typically occurs in pulses rather than continuously. Neonicotinoids are a new group of insecticides, and little is known about their toxicity to nontarget freshwater organisms and potential effects on freshwater ecosystems. The aim of the present research was to assess effects of short-term (24-h) exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid, including a postexposure observation period. A comparison of several freshwater insect and crustacean species showed an increase of sensitivity by three orders of magnitude in the following order: Daphnia magna < Asellus aquaticus = Gammarus pulex < Simpetrum striolatum < Culex pipiens = Notidobia ciliaris = Simulium latigonium, with median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 4,400, 153, 190, 31.2, 6.78, 5.47, and 5.76 mug/L, respectively (postexposure observation 11-30 d). Thiacloprid caused delayed lethal and sublethal effects, which were observed after 4 to 12 d following exposure. Reduction in LC50s found when postexposure observation was extended from 1 d to a longer period (11-30 d) was up to >50-fold. Hence, delayed effects occurring after short-term exposure should be considered in risk assessment. The 5% hazardous concentration (HC5) of thiacloprid obtained in the present study (0.72 microg/L) is more than one order of magnitude below the currently predicted worst-case environmental concentrations in surface water. Concerning the selection of test organisms, we observed that the widely employed test organism D. magna is least sensitive among the arthropods tested and that, for neonicotinoid insecticides, an insect like the mosquito C. pipiens would be more suitable for predicting effects on sensitive species.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and delayed effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on seven freshwater arthropods

Beketov

Liess

2008

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

194

105

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“…The r was calculated from the integration of the age‐specific data on survival and fecundity probabilities. The r values were calculated iteratively from the Euler/Lotka equation [27,28]: where r = per capita rate of increase for the population per day, x = age class (d; 1, 2, 3, …, Ω), Ω = oldest age class in the population (21 d in the present study), l x = probability of surviving at age x , m x = neonates per mother at age x , and e = 2.718.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of food limitation on the effects of fenvalerate pulse exposure on the life history and population growth rate of Daphnia magna

Pieters

Paschke

Reynaldi

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Laboratory ecotoxicity tests may not adequately evaluate the effects of pesticides, because they often do not include more environmentally relevant conditions, such as pulsed toxicant exposures and low food conditions. Therefore, we tested the effects of a pulse of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate (FV) on the life history and population growth rate (r) of the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The daphnids were subjected to a 24-h pesticide pulse exposure (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 3.2 microg/L) under high and low food conditions and were monitored for 21 d. Chemical analysis showed that at t = 1 h, the nominal FV concentrations were reduced by 50 to 66%. Fenvalerate decreased survival and growth in the week following pulse exposure. Age at first reproduction increased, with consequent adverse effects on cumulative reproduction per living female and, therefore, on r. Thus, a short-term exposure of FV caused a long-term reduction on r as a result of increased mortality and a delay in development. Low food conditions exacerbated the effects of the FV exposure on juvenile survival and growth during the first week. This caused a much stronger reduction in r under low food conditions. We concluded that a pulsed FV exposure may result in long-term reduction of r that can be predicted only with more environmentally relevant toxicity tests, as described in the present study.

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“…Euler proposed that survivorship l necessarily remains stable or declines with increasing age x , such that l x ≥ l x+1 [ 9 ]. Hamilton extended this argument, proving that the fitness w gained by survival to age x must decline with age under the ELe, such that w x ≤ w x+1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Metric of Inclusive Fitness Predicts the Human Mortality Profile

Newman

Easteal

2015

PLoS ONE

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Biological species have evolved characteristic patterns of age-specific mortality across their life spans. If these mortality profiles are shaped by natural selection they should reflect underlying variation in the fitness effect of mortality with age. Direct fitness models, however, do not accurately predict the mortality profiles of many species. For several species, including humans, mortality rates vary considerably before and after reproductive ages, during life-stages when no variation in direct fitness is possible. Variation in mortality rates at these ages may reflect indirect effects of natural selection acting through kin. To test this possibility we developed a new two-variable measure of inclusive fitness, which we term the extended genomic output or EGO. Using EGO, we estimate the inclusive fitness effect of mortality at different ages in a small hunter-gatherer population with a typical human mortality profile. EGO in this population predicts 90% of the variation in age-specific mortality. This result represents the first empirical measurement of inclusive fitness of a trait in any species. It shows that the pattern of human survival can largely be explained by variation in the inclusive fitness cost of mortality at different ages. More generally, our approach can be used to estimate the inclusive fitness of any trait or genotype from population data on birth dates and relatedness.

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A General Investigation into the Mortality and Multiplication of the Human Species

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Acute and delayed effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on seven freshwater arthropods

Acute and delayed effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on seven freshwater arthropods

Influence of food limitation on the effects of fenvalerate pulse exposure on the life history and population growth rate of Daphnia magna

A New Metric of Inclusive Fitness Predicts the Human Mortality Profile

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