A GC/MS study of the drying of ballpoint pen ink on paper

In situ luminescence spectroscopy with multivariate analysis for the discrimination of black ballpoint pen ink-lines on paper

“…Over recent years, attention has been given to the evaporation and diffusion of solvents, particularly phenoxyethanol, from the inkline, as a function of time [16]. Combining weighing using a microbalance and GC-MS analysis revealed that solvent loss from the ink-line tailed off after times in the range from 10 days to 2 weeks [17]. These effects were found to depend significantly on the formulation of the ink and thus inks could be classified into ''slowageing'' and ''fast-ageing'' types [18].…”

The potential of artificial aging for modelling of natural aging processes of ballpoint ink

“…These ion signals correspond to the four solvents found in the chosen ballpoint pen and the internal standard. The identification of the eluting substances was carried out in earlier studies [25]. Ballpoint pen entries of about 1 cm were cut in 10 mm  2 mm rectangles from the paper sheet and placed in a small vial.…”

“…Ink drying is a very complex phenomenon characterized by evaporation of the solvents in the ambient air and their simultaneous adsorption on and diffusion into the paper. Among other things, these processes are influenced by temperature, humidity, air flow and the adsorption/diffusion properties of the paper-solvent system [25].…”

“…The relative peak area (RPA) for any given substance S i was calculated as follows to minimize the error [25]:…”

Forensic discrimination of blue ballpoint pen inks based on thin layer chromatography and image analysis

“…Direct scanning of chromatograms can be performed using scanning densitometers, but unfortunately, it has low signal-to-noise ratio, due to large scanning area arranged initially as the diameter of the largest spot. Removing the zone for further analyzing by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy [14], gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) [15] can also be performed, but these approaches require sophisticated instrumentations.…”