A GATE Simulation Study of the Siemens Biograph DUO PET/CT System

Nikolopoulos, Dimitrios; Kottou, Sofia; Chatzisavvas, Nikolaos; Argyriou, Xenophon; Vlamakis, E; Yannakopoulos, Panayiotis H.; Louizï, A.

doi:10.4236/ojrad.2013.32009

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…The spectrum was convolved with the conventional LYSO Gaussian energy resolution at 511 keV (Surti et al 2007). 1) for GSO and LYSO PET, and extracted from Nikolopoulos et al (2013) for the LSO-PET. Blue line: 176 Lu-511 keV pile up component simulated with Gate; in B note the good reproduction of the observed increase before the hardware 850 keV cut-off.…”

Section: Long Energy Resolution Tail: Intrinsic Crystal Activity Comp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orange lines: energy spectra obtained by convolution of the gamma ray energies (171 and 245 keV for 111 In, and 511 keV for 18 F) with the energy resolution models (equations ( 7)-( 10), not shown for the LSO-PET). For GSO-PET and LYSO-PET specifications see material and method; for LSO-PET specifications see Nikolopoulos et al (2013).The higher tails amplitude for the LSO-PET is not linked to the crystal type, but is likely linked to the block design used in place of a continuous light guide for the GSO and LYSO PETs.…”

Section: Long Energy Resolution Tail: Intrinsic Crystal Activity Comp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in⁹⁰Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization

Walrand¹,

Hesse²,

Jamar³

et al. 2018

Phys. Med. Biol.

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Our literature survey revealed a physical effect unknown to the nuclear medicine community, i.e. internal bremsstrahlung emission, and also the existence of long energy resolution tails in crystal scintillation. None of these effects has ever been modelled in PET Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. This study investigates whether these two effects could be at the origin of two unexplained observations in Y imaging by PET: the increasing tails in the radial profile of true coincidences, and the presence of spurious extrahepatic counts post radioembolization in non-TOF PET and their absence in TOF PET. These spurious extrahepatic counts hamper the microsphere delivery check in liver radioembolization. An acquisition of aP vial was performed on a GSO PET system. This is the ideal setup to study the impact of bremsstrahlung x-rays on the true coincidence rate when no positron emission and no crystal radioactivity are present. A MC simulation of the acquisition was performed using Gate-Geant4. MC simulations of non-TOF PET and TOF-PET imaging of a synthetic Y human liver radioembolization phantom were also performed. Internal bremsstrahlung and long energy resolution tails inclusion in MC simulations quantitatively predict the increasing tails in the radial profile. In addition, internal bremsstrahlung explains the discrepancy previously observed in bremsstrahlung SPECT between the measure of theY bremsstrahlung spectrum and its simulation with Gate-Geant4. However the spurious extrahepatic counts in non-TOF PET mainly result from the failure of conventional random correction methods in such low count rate studies and poor robustness versus emission-transmission inconsistency. A novel proposed random correction method succeeds in cleaning the spurious extrahepatic counts in non-TOF PET. Two physical effects not considered up to now in nuclear medicine were identified to be at the origin of the unusual Y true coincidences radial profile. TOF reconstruction removing of the spurious extrahepatic counts was theoretically explained by a better robustness against emission-transmission inconsistency. A novel random correction method was proposed to overcome the issue in non-TOF PET. Further studies are needed to assess the novel random correction method robustness.

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Section: Long Energy Resolution Tail: Intrinsic Crystal Activity Comp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Long Energy Resolution Tail: Intrinsic Crystal Activity Comp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in⁹⁰Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization

Walrand¹,

Hesse²,

Jamar³

et al. 2018

Phys. Med. Biol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…HR+ PET scanner and perform simulations based on voxelized phantom description [9]. Dimitrios Nikolopoulos et al [10] performed a GATE simulation for the Siemens Biograph DUO PET system. A human body phantom was simulated and the corresponding outputs were compared with the actual measurement.…”

Section: Jinst 12 T02001mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For coincidence sorter policy, maximum energy is selected and the Coincidence time window is set as 12 ns, according to manufacturer setup. After these processing steps, the coincidence events were taken and stored in a ROOT file [10]. The digitizer chain allows us to tune the simulation to the very detailed parameters of the real PET setup.…”

Section: Signal Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo simulation of Ray-Scan 64 PET system and performance evaluation using GATE toolkit

Zhang²,

Vuletic

et al. 2017

J. Inst.

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In this study, we aimed to develop a GATE model for the simulation of Ray-Scan 64 PET scanner and model its performance characteristics. A detailed implementation of system geometry and physical process were included in the simulation model. Then we modeled the performance characteristics of Ray-Scan 64 PET system for the first time, based on National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU-2 2007 protocols and validated the model against experimental measurement, including spatial resolution, sensitivity, counting rates and noise equivalent count rate (NECR). Moreover, an accurate dead time module was investigated to simulate the counting rate performance. Overall results showed reasonable agreement between simulation and experimental data. The validation results showed the reliability and feasibility of the GATE model to evaluate major performance of Ray-Scan 64 PET system. It provided a useful tool for a wide range of research applications.

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“…Several clinical PET systems from leading manufacturers-Philips Healthcare, Siemens Healthineers, and General Electric Healthcare (GE) -have been modelled using GATE/Geant4, including Philips Allegro (Lamare et al 2006), Gemini TF (Trindade et al 2012), and Vereos (Salvadori et al 2020); Siemens Biograph 6 (Gonias et al 2007), DUO (Nikolopoulos et al 2013), mMR (Aklan et al 2015) and Vision (Zein et al 2020); and GE Discovery LS (Schmidtlein et al 2005), RX (Geramifar et al 2011), and MI (Kalaitzidis et al 2022, Tiwari et al 2022, Merlet et al 2024. A comprehensive review of GATE-modelled PET systems is provided in Sarrut et al (2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PET digitization chain for Monte Carlo simulation in GATE

Salvadori,

Merlet,

Presles

et al. 2024

Phys. Med. Biol.

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Objective: We introduce a versatile methodology for the accurate modelling of PET imaging systems via Monte Carlo simulations, using the Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE) platform. Accurate Monte Carlo modelling involves the incorporation of a complete analytical signal processing chain, called the digitizer in GATE, to emulate the different count rates encountered in actual PET systems.Approach: The proposed approach consists of two steps: 1) modelling the digitizer to replicate the detection chain of real systems, covering all available parameters, whether publicly accessible or supplied by manufacturers; 2) estimating the remaining parameters, i.e. background noise level, detection efficiency, and pile-up, using optimisation techniques based on experimental single and prompt event rates. We show that this two-step optimisation reproduces the other experimental count rates (true, scatter, and random), without the need for additional adjustments. This method has been applied and validated with experimental data derived from the NEMA count losses test for three state-of-the-art SiPM-based TOF-PET systems: Philips Vereos, Siemens Biograph Vision 600 and GE Discovery MI 4-ring.Main results: The results show good agreement between experiments and simulations for the three PET systems, with absolute relative discrepancies below 3~\%, 6~\%, 6~\%, 7~\% and 12~\% for prompt, random, true, scatter and noise equivalent count rates, respectively, within the 0-10~kBq.mL$^{-1}$ activity concentration range typically observed in whole-body \isotope[18]{F} scans.Significance: Overall, the proposed digitizer optimisation method was shown to be effective in reproducing count rates and NECR for three of the latest generation SiPM-based TOF-PET imaging systems. The proposed methodology could be applied to other PET scanners.

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A GATE Simulation Study of the Siemens Biograph DUO PET/CT System

Cited by 6 publications

References 38 publications

The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in⁹⁰Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization

The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in⁹⁰Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization

Monte Carlo simulation of Ray-Scan 64 PET system and performance evaluation using GATE toolkit

PET digitization chain for Monte Carlo simulation in GATE

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A GATE Simulation Study of the Siemens Biograph DUO PET/CT System

Cited by 6 publications

References 38 publications

The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in90Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization

The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in90Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization

Monte Carlo simulation of Ray-Scan 64 PET system and performance evaluation using GATE toolkit

PET digitization chain for Monte Carlo simulation in GATE

Contact Info

Product

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The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in⁹⁰Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization

The origin and reduction of spurious extrahepatic counts observed in⁹⁰Y non-TOF PET imaging post radioembolization