“…Finally, there is the contraction of disposable incomes of institutional sectors (Clemens and Veuger, 2020), particularly households, which brings further negative spillover on demand, triggering a negative income multiplier. The preventive actions based solely on social distancing (Barrios et al ., 2021) and lockdown have significant consequences in the social-economic system on the supply side, which could generate a selective change of firms operating in the markets (Eslamipoor, 2022), and the demand side (Lal et al ., 2020, 2021), with important repercussions on the level of prices (Rai and Garg, 2022; Iqbal et al ., 2022) and on the financial markets as well (Ghorbali et al ., 2022; Derbali et al ., 2021, 2022b, c). Restricting production activities to the use of inputs indirectly leads to a decline in demand for intermediate goods, labour and capital factors.…”