Biogeography-based optimisation (BBO) algorithm is a new evolutionary optimisation algorithm based on geographic distribution of biological organisms. With probabilistic operators, this algorithm is able to share more information from good solutions to poor ones. BBO prevents the good solutions to be demolished during the evolution. This feature leads to find the better solutions in a short time rather than other metaheuristics. This paper provides a mathematical model which integrates machine loading, part routing, sequencing and scheduling decision in flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Moreover, it tackles the scheduling problem when various constraints are imposed on the system. Since this problem is considered to be NP-hard, BBO algorithm is developed to find the optimum /near optimum solution based on various constraints. In the proposed algorithm, different types of mutation operators are employed to enhance the diversity among the population. The proposed BBO has been applied to the instances with different size and degrees of complexity of problem adopted from the FMS literature. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to find optimum /near optimum solutions within reasonable time. Therefore, BBO algorithm can be used as a useful solution for optimisation in various industrial applications within a reasonable computation time.Keywords: biogeography-based optimisation algorithm; mathematical programming; flexible manufacturing system; scheduling problem 1. Introduction flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are known as a complex production system to efficiently respond to the current market issues. These issues can be: (i) shorten the manufacturing lead time to fulfil customers need, (ii) flexibility to adopt the market changes; and (iii) increase productivity and decrease production costs to retain the market share (Atmani and Lashkari 1998). One feature of such manufacturing systems which is mostly difficult in practice is scheduling. FMSs scheduling differs from a conventional manufacturing system due to the access to alternative resources results in routing flexibility (Jain and Elmaraghy 1997). As pointed by Sawik (1990) production scheduling can be preserved as four subproblems: (i) part-type selection, (ii) machine loading, (iii) part sequencing, and (iv) operation scheduling. In fact, most of scheduling problems are NP-hard combinatorial optimisation problems (Maccarthy and Liu 1993).The focus of this study is on machine loading, part routing, sequencing and scheduling problem. Machine loading is defined as the process or decision of allocating tools to machines. This decision must consider which operation may be performed on each machine. Part routing is defined as the process of determining the route or sequence of machines for each part in which machine loading decision may result in a unique machine or two or more machines for each operation. Sequencing decision deals with determining the order in which operations are performed on machines. Scheduling ...