A Further Study of Bladder Implantation in the Mouse as a means of Detecting Carcinogenic Activity: Use of Crushed Paraffin Wax or Stearic Acid as the Vehicle

Bonser, Georgiana M.; Boyland, E.; Busby, Erik; Clayson, David B.; Grover, Philip L.; Jull, J. W.

doi:10.1038/bjc.1963.19

Cited by 48 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…They confirm the findings of Bonser et al (1963) and of Bryan et al (1963) that some arylhydroxylamines, particularly 2-naphthylhydroxylamine, are local or direct carcinogens. The carcinogenic actions of 2-acetamidofluorene and of 2-naphthylamine would appear to be effected through the metabolic conversion to N-acetyl-2-fluorenylhydroxylamine and 2-naphthylhydroxylamine respectively.…”

Section: Substances Tested In Pellets Of Stearic Acidsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Further Experiments on Implantation of Materials into the Urinary Bladder of Mice

Boyland¹,

Busby²,

Dukes³

et al. 1964

Br J Cancer

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ALTHOUGH Maisin and Picard (1924) induced cancer of the bladder by implanting pellets containing tar into the bladders of rats, Bonser, Clayson and Jull (1951) developed the technique of bladder implantation in mice, which as modified by Allen, Boyland, Dukes, Horning and Watson (1957) Onie of the difficulties of the method is the choice of a suitable medium with which to mix the substances to be tested. Most apparently inert materials induce tumours in a proportion of mice and even the most active carcinogens do not induce cancer in all the mice treated. For this reason a few substances which would be expected to be biologically inert have been tried. METHODS AND MATERIALSThe technique used was the same as that described by Allen et al. (1957). With practice it is possible to expose the bladder and insert the pellet through a small incision in the skin. The incision may be so small that it can be closed with a single stitch. The probability that the incidence of tumours was due to chance was calculated by the x2 test. Stock mice bred in the Chester Beatty Research Institute were used.Cholesterol (Roche Products), and stearic acid (B.D.H.) were recrystallised from ethanol. Hexadeconal (cetyl alcohol) and octadecanol were purchased from British Drug Houses Ltd. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTurmour Induction with " Inert " VehiclesThe incidence of tumours with inert substances some of which might be used in place of paraffin wax or cholesterol are given in Table I. Magnesium stearate gave a low incidence of tumours but it has the disadvantage that in the presence of chelating agents (e.g. ortho aminophenols and 8-hydroxyquinoline) the magnesium forms chelates. If such agents are being tested they would therefore be present as chelates.

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Section: Substances Tested In Pellets Of Stearic Acidsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A few of the results obtained by the technique in this laboratory since the publication of Allen et al (1957) have been published (Bonser, Boyland, Busby, Clayson, Grover and Jull, 1963), but further results are presented in this paper.…”

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confidence: 81%

Further Experiments on Implantation of Materials into the Urinary Bladder of Mice

Boyland¹,

Busby²,

Dukes³

et al. 1964

Br J Cancer

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“…However, some unscrupulous traders add industrial wax while frying chestnuts to ensure that the chestnuts are brighter and more attractive. Generally, industrial wax is extracted directly from oil, which will also extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are present in the industrial process, both of which are highly carcinogenic (Bonser et al, 1963). Mixed industrial wax will infiltrate into the pulp in the process of frying chestnuts which seriously endangers human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Waxed Chestnuts using Visible and Near-Infrared Hyper-spectral Imaging

Hou

Zhou

et al. 2016

FSTR

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This paper presents a study that was performed for rapid and noninvasive detection of waxed chestnuts using hyper-spectral imaging. A visual near-infrared (400 _ 1026 nm) hyper-spectral imaging system was assembled to acquire scattering images from two groups of chestnuts (waxed and non-waxed chestnuts). The spectra of the samples were extracted from the hyper-spectral images using image segmentation process. Then multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was conducted to preprocess the original spectra. Effective wavelengths were selected to reduce the computational burden of the hyper-spectral data. Using the seven effective wavelengths that were obtained from a successive projections algorithm (SPA), three calibration algorithms were compared: partial least squares regression (PLSR), multiple linear regression (MLR) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The best model for discriminating between waxed and non-waxed chestnuts was found to be the MSC-SPA-MLR model.Keywords: hyper-spectral imaging, waxed chestnut, effective wavelength, pear IntroductionThe chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) is an important edible fruit in the northern hemisphere, which has been consumed as extensively as the potato in the past (Ferreira-Cardoso et al., 1999).and has become increasingly important in human nutrition because of its nutrient composition and potential beneficial health effects, for example, in reducing coronary heart disease and cancer rates (Sabaté et al., 2001). Fried chestnut is the most popular preparation method for chestnuts. However, some unscrupulous traders add industrial wax while frying chestnuts to ensure that the chestnuts are brighter and more attractive. Generally, industrial wax is extracted directly from oil, which will also extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are present in the industrial process, both of which are highly carcinogenic (Bonser et al., 1963). Mixed industrial wax will infiltrate into the pulp in the process of frying chestnuts which seriously endangers human health. Hence, a sorting process is necessary to identify and screen out waxed chestnuts.Traditionally, screening waxed chestnuts is usually dependent on subjective criteria to distinguish between waxed and non-waxed chestnuts, taking into consideration that brighter and more attractive chestnuts are mixed with industrial wax. Although industrial wax will make chestnuts brighter and more attractive, it is not a reliable way to identify waxed chestnuts. Hyper-spectral imaging (also called imaging spectrometry or imaging spectroscopy) is an emerging analytical technology which is receiving growing attention as a rapid, efficient, and nondestructive analytical tool for quantitative determination of the quality and safety of agricultural goods. By combining the advantages of computer vision and spectroscopy technology into one system, hyper-spectral imaging can generate a spatial image of the spectral variation, which provides structural, chemical, physical and functional information abou...

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“…The first was the sample of crushed paraffin wax described by Bonser, Boyland, Busby, Clayson, Grover and Jull (1963) and, when implanted alone, gave tumour yields of 4-5 and 3-8 per cent in two experiments (Table I). A further batch of paraffin wax was used after the previous sample was exhausted.…”

Section: Results and Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The technique of bladder implantation: further results and an assessment

Clayson¹,

Pringle²,

Bonser³

et al. 1968

Br J Cancer

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JuLL (1951) suggested that the surgical introduction of a pellet containing a test chemical into the lumen of the mouse bladder might be useful for routine testing for carcinogenic activity. The method, it was thought, would possess the following advantages: (i) the chemical would be slowly eluted from the pellet and would therefore remain in contact with the bladder epithelium for a prolonged period; (ii) the metabolic processes of the liver, etc., would be by-passed, and (iii) the bladder would function under approximately normal conditions.Bladder implantation has been used successfully in Leeds Jull, 1958, 1963), in London (Allen, Boyland, Dukes, Horning and Watson, 1957) and in Madison (Bryan, Brown and Price, 1964a, b).The advantages predicted for the technique have not been completely fulfilled. Chemicals have been shown to diffuse from pellets at different rates (Bryan, Brown, Morris and Price, 1964), although there was no correlation between rate of diffusion and carcinogenicity of a series of chemicals. The bladder epithelium has been shown to be permeable to certain chemicals (Bryan, Morris and Brown, 1965;Pringle, 1966), and so it cannot be assumed that metabolism by the liver with consequent excretion of metabolites is necessarily excluded by the use of bladder implantation. Furthermore, the presence of a foreign body, the pellet, in the bladder lumen affects the response of the epithelium to a carcinogen (Bryan and Springberg, 1966) probably because it induces mitosis in the bladder epithelium (Clayson and Pringle, 1966). The pellet by itself usually leads to a background incidence of tumours (Bonser et al., 1958).The purpose of this paper is to present new information on the testing of chemicals by bladder implantation and to reassess the utility of the method.The chemicals investigated consist of aromatic amines and their derivatives, hydrocarbons and dyestuffs. MATERIALS AND METHODSAnimals.-C57 x IF F1 hybrid mice were bred in the laboratory and maintained on Oxo Diet 41B and water, ad libitum. They were 10-12 weeks of age at the start of the experiment.Bladder implantation was carried out by the method of Jull (1951) as modified by Allen et al. (1957). Except where otherwise stated, the experiments were terminated at 40 weeks and the bladders prepared for histology in the usual way. The histological grading of the tumours was assessed by the criteria of Bonser and Jull (1956).

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A Further Study of Bladder Implantation in the Mouse as a means of Detecting Carcinogenic Activity: Use of Crushed Paraffin Wax or Stearic Acid as the Vehicle

Cited by 48 publications

References 12 publications

Further Experiments on Implantation of Materials into the Urinary Bladder of Mice

Further Experiments on Implantation of Materials into the Urinary Bladder of Mice

Detection of Waxed Chestnuts using Visible and Near-Infrared Hyper-spectral Imaging

The technique of bladder implantation: further results and an assessment

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