A Fungal Endophyte of Tall Fescue: Evaluation of Control Methods

Siegel, Malcolm R.; Varney, D. R.; Johnson, M. C.; Nesmith, William C.; Buckner, R. C.; Bush, L. P.; Burrus, P. B.; Hardison, John R.

doi:10.1094/phyto-74-937

Cited by 57 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…loliae survived subfreezing temperatures (-I SOC), as has been shown with the tall fescue endophyte, A. coenophialum (Siegel et al 1984). Germination of grass seeds was maintained after 20 years in subfreezing storage (Rincker & Maguire 1979).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Viability ofLoliumendophyte fungus in seed stored at different moisture contents and temperatures

Rolston¹,

Hare²,

Moore³

et al. 1986

New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture

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The effect of storage on viability of the Lolium endophyte fungus (Acremonium loliae Latch, Christensen and Samuels) in seed of perennial ryegrass was studied. Treatments included four initial seed moistures (13.8, 12.1, 10.0, and 8.6%); different storage bags (calico, polyethylene film (9, 35, or 70 /lm thickness), and laminated aluminium foil-polyethylene); and four storage conditions (ambient 5-2YC, 5°Cj70% RH; 0°C/30% RH; -1 YC/90% RH). After 12 months of ambient temperature storage, seeds with final moisture contents > 11.3% had a rapid linear decline in endophyte viability from an initial 84% to < 15% at 13.0% seed moisture. Samples in 70 /lm thick polyethylene and aluminium foil laminated packets had the highest endophyte viability (70-78%) at ambient temperatures. Seed stored at 5, 0, or -15°C had high endophyte viability with no effect of seed moisture. Seed germination was not affected by any treatments. Cool or low humidity environments ( < 60% RH) are required to maintain viability of Lolium endophyte fungus in stored seed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Viability of tall fescue endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams) was lost in tall fescue seed stored for 7-11 months at 21°C, but in seed stored for 27 months at 10, 6, and -20T, endophyte levels were 30, 90, and 90% respectively (Siegel et al 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viability ofLoliumendophyte fungus in seed stored at different moisture contents and temperatures

Rolston¹,

Hare²,

Moore³

et al. 1986

New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture

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“…For postzygotic transmission failure, the patterns associated with environmental conditions are well documented. The temperature and humidity to which infected seeds are exposed affect the survival of the endophyte mycelia and, therefore, depending on these environmental factors, variable proportions of viable endophyte-infected seeds produce non-infected seedlings (Siegel et al 1984b;Rolston et al 1986;Welty et al 1987). In addition, it has been observed that infected seeds that passed through the digestive tract of steer produce substantially larger proportions of non-infected seedlings that control infected seeds (Siegel et al 1984a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neotyphodiumendophyte infection frequency in annual grass populations: relative importance of mutualism and transmission efficiency

et al. 2008

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Persistence and ubiquity of vertically transmitted Neotyphodium endophytes in grass populations is puzzling because infected plants do not consistently exhibit increased fitness. Using an annual grass population model, we show that the problems for matching endophyte infection and mutualism are likely to arise from difficulties in detecting small mutualistic effects, variability in endophyte transmission efficiency and an apparent prevalence of non-equilibrium in the dynamics of infection. Although endophytes would ultimately persist only if the infection confers some fitness increase to the host plants, such an increase can be very small, as long as the transmission efficiency is sufficiently high. In addition, imperfect transmission limits effectively the equilibrium infection level if the infected plants exhibit small or large reproductive advantage. Under frequent natural conditions, the equilibrium infection level is very sensitive to small changes in transmission efficiency and host reproductive advantage, while convergence to such an equilibrium is slow. As a consequence, seed immigration and environmental fluctuation are likely to keep local infection levels away from equilibrium. Transient dynamics analysis suggests that, when driven by environmental fluctuation, infection frequency increases would often be larger than decreases. By contrast, when due to immigration, overrepresentation of infected individuals tends to vanish faster than equivalent overrepresentation of noninfected individuals.

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“…Host plants can only lose Neotyphodium infections (Siegel et al 1984;Ravel et al 1997;Saikkonen et al 1998) but never gain them, and thus, persistence of Neotyphodium at high levels within and among populations (Schulthess and Faeth 1998) strongly suggests that the endophyte increases survival and/or reproduction of host plants due to antiherbivore properties or other beneficial effects. If the former, then we, as have others (e.g., Clay 1996;Clay and Brown 1997;Leuchtmann and Clay 1997), predict that frequency of endophyte-infected (E+) plants should increase over time relative to uninfected (E-) plants in areas under more intense or frequent grazing pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endophyte-grass-herbivore interactions: the case of Neotyphodium endophytes in Arizona fescue populations

et al. 1999

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Neotyphodium endophytes in introduced agronomic grasses are well known to increase resistance to herbivores, but little is known of interactions between Neotyphodium endophytes and herbivores in native grass populations. We investigated whether endophytes mediate plant-herbivore interactions in a native grass species, Festuca arizonica in the southwestern United States, in two ways. First, to test the prediction that the presence and frequency of endophyte-infected (E+) plants should increase with increasing herbivory, we determined endophyte frequencies over a 4-year period in six natural Arizona fescue populations. We compared Neotyphodium frequency among plants growing inside and outside long-term vertebrate grazing exclosures. Second, we experimentally tested the effects of Neotyphodium infection, plant clone, and soil nutrients on plant resistance to the native grasshopper Xanthippus corallipes. Contrary to predictions based upon the hypothesis that endophytes increase herbivore resistance, levels of infection did not increase in plants subjected to grazing outside of exclosures relative to ungrazed plants within exclosures. Instead, endophyte frequencies tended to be greater inside the exclosures, where long-term vertebrate grazing was reduced. The grasshopper bioassay experiment corroborated these long-term patterns. Survival of grasshoppers did not differ between infected (E+) and uninfected (E-) plants. Instead, mean relative growth rate of grasshoppers was higher on E+ grasses than on E- ones. Growth performance of newly hatched grasshopper nymphs varied among host plant clones, although two of six clones accounted for most of this variation. Our results suggest that Neotyphodium-grass-herbivore interactions may be much more variable in natural communities than predicted by studies of agronomically important Neotyphodium-grass associations, and herbivory is not always the driving selective force in endophyte-grass ecology and evolution. Thus, alternative hypotheses are necessary to explain the wide distribution and variable frequencies of endophytes in natural plant populations.

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A Fungal Endophyte of Tall Fescue: Evaluation of Control Methods

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Viability ofLoliumendophyte fungus in seed stored at different moisture contents and temperatures

Viability ofLoliumendophyte fungus in seed stored at different moisture contents and temperatures

Neotyphodiumendophyte infection frequency in annual grass populations: relative importance of mutualism and transmission efficiency

Endophyte-grass-herbivore interactions: the case of Neotyphodium endophytes in Arizona fescue populations

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