Nanoviruses, multicomponent single-stranded DNA plant viruses, encode a unique cell cycle link protein, Clink, that interacts with retinoblastoma-related proteins (RBR). We have established transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines that conditionally express Clink or a Clink variant deficient in RBR binding. By controlled induction of Clink expression, we demonstrated the capacity of the Clink protein to alter RBR function in vivo. We showed that transcription of both S-phase-specific and G 2 /M-phase-specific genes was up-regulated depending on the RBR-binding proficiency of Clink. Concomitantly, ploidy levels increased in a substantial fraction of leaf cell nuclei. Also, leaf epidermis cells of transgenic plants producing Clink were smaller and more numerous, indicating additional cell divisions in this tissue. Furthermore, cytogenetic analyses following induction of Clink expression in mature leaves revealed the presence of metaphasic and anaphasic nuclei, clear evidence that Clink-mediated RBR inactivation is sufficient to induce quiescent cells to reenter cell cycle progression and, for at least a fraction of them, to pass through mitosis. Expression of Clink had no effect on genes transcribed by RNA polymerases I and III, suggesting that, in contrast to its mammalian homologue, A. thaliana RBR is not involved in the repression of polymerase I and polymerase III transcription. The results of these in vivo analyses firmly establish Clink as a member of the diverse class of multifunctional cell cycle modulator proteins encoded by small DNA viruses.Due to their restricted genome size, small DNA viruses do not encode polymerases and other enzymes of the DNA synthesis machinery. Instead, they exploit host DNA replication to multiply their genomes (19). This is a general feature of mammalian tumor viruses, e.g., simian virus 40 (SV40) or the papillomaviruses, which encode multifunctional regulatory proteins that cause the host cell to enter S phase, thereby making the host's DNA synthesis machinery available for virus DNA replication. Key regulators of cell cycle progression are the members of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family, which sequester E2F/DP transcription factors in inactive complexes, thereby preventing them from gene activation (13, 53). The RB-controlled block of cell cycle progression is released in various ways, frequently by the binding of other proteins to RB and the subsequent release of the previously sequestered transcription factors. Various cellular or viral proteins bind to RB or otherwise prevent it-by hyperphosphorylation (48) or degradation (8)-from complexing S-phase relevant transcription factors. Among the best-studied examples are the SV40 large T antigen (T-ag), human papillomavirus E7, and adenovirus E1A protein, all of which bind to the pocket domain of RB through a sequence containing the conserved amino acid motif LxCxE (11,16).In mammals, RB also acts as a general repressor of transcription by RNA polymerase III (PolIII) and PolI, potentially to control cell growth (reviewed i...