A Functional Biology of Sea Anemones

Abstract

in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the UK address printed on this page.The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataShick, J. Malcolm A functional biology of sea anemones. 1. Sea anemones I. Title II. Series 593.6 ISBN 978-94-010-5365-5 ISBN 978-94-011-3080-6 (eBook)

Prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 promotes growth of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium muscatinei in the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

“…The consistent feeding schedule in our laboratory study likely contributed to the rise in metabolic activity after six weeks. Such increases are in agreement with previous studies that have shown that laboratory maintenance under conditions of consistent temperature and lighting, low UV exposure, absence of desiccation, and reduced wave stress all contribute to increased physiological performance of anemones (Shick, 1991; Verde and McCloskey, 1996b). In a study by Fitt et al, ṀO 2 of well-fed A. elegantissima was twice the rate of starved animals (Fitt et al, 1982); CZAR averaged 13% for fed anemones compared to 45% for starved or newly collected anemones.…”

Prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 promotes growth of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium muscatinei in the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

“…The consistent feeding schedule in our laboratory study likely contributed to the rise in metabolic activity after six weeks. Such increases are in agreement with previous studies that have shown that laboratory maintenance under conditions of consistent temperature and lighting, low UV exposure, absence of desiccation, and reduced wave stress all contribute to increased physiological performance of anemones (Shick, 1991; Verde and McCloskey, 1996b). In a study by Fitt et al, ṀO 2 of well-fed A. elegantissima was twice the rate of starved animals (Fitt et al, 1982); CZAR averaged 13% for fed anemones compared to 45% for starved or newly collected anemones.…”

Evolutionary conserved aspects of animal nutrient uptake and transport in sea anemone vitellogenesis

“…Our inability to detect alkyne-OA in the ECM speaks for a rapid clearance by high levels of endocytosis into oocytes, strongly supported by ultrastructural observations 27 . Notably, our experiments did not reveal any alkyne-OA or fluorescent bead accumulation in trophonema cells of the female SGE, despite this structure being previously proposed as the main nutrient shuttling cells during vitellogenesis in Nematostella and other sea anemones 24,26,46 . As our data challenges the historical hypothesis for nutrient transport into the oocytes during vitellogenesis, we next investigated how SGE-ECM lipid transport is mediated on the molecular level.…”

Cnidarian internal stinging mechanism

“…Our results support the hypothesis (van Praet 1985;Fautin & Mariscal 1991;Shick 1991) that nematocysts in the acontia and perhaps in mesenterial filaments, in general, have a role in digestion in the Anthozoa. We suggest that cnidarians employ cytolytic venoms such as PA 2 , a widespread cytolytic cnidarian venom ( Nevalainen et al 2004), within the GVC in order to induce disintegration of the prey, ultimately aiding digestive processes.…”

Prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 promotes growth of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium muscatinei in the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

“…The consistent feeding schedule in our laboratory study likely contributed to the rise in metabolic activity after six weeks. Such increases are in agreement with previous studies that have shown that laboratory maintenance under conditions of consistent temperature and lighting, low UV exposure, absence of desiccation, and reduced wave stress all contribute to increased physiological performance of anemones (Shick, 1991; Verde and McCloskey, 1996b). In a study by Fitt et al, ṀO 2 of well-fed A. elegantissima was twice the rate of starved animals (Fitt et al, 1982); CZAR averaged 13% for fed anemones compared to 45% for starved or newly collected anemones.…”

Evolutionary conserved aspects of animal nutrient uptake and transport in sea anemone vitellogenesis

“…Our inability to detect alkyne-OA in the ECM speaks for a rapid clearance by high levels of endocytosis into oocytes, strongly supported by ultrastructural observations 27 . Notably, our experiments did not reveal any alkyne-OA or fluorescent bead accumulation in trophonema cells of the female SGE, despite this structure being previously proposed as the main nutrient shuttling cells during vitellogenesis in Nematostella and other sea anemones 24,26,46 . As our data challenges the historical hypothesis for nutrient transport into the oocytes during vitellogenesis, we next investigated how SGE-ECM lipid transport is mediated on the molecular level.…”

Cnidarian internal stinging mechanism

“…Our results support the hypothesis (van Praet 1985;Fautin & Mariscal 1991;Shick 1991) that nematocysts in the acontia and perhaps in mesenterial filaments, in general, have a role in digestion in the Anthozoa. We suggest that cnidarians employ cytolytic venoms such as PA 2 , a widespread cytolytic cnidarian venom ( Nevalainen et al 2004), within the GVC in order to induce disintegration of the prey, ultimately aiding digestive processes.…”

Prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 promotes growth of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium muscatinei in the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

“…The consistent feeding schedule in our laboratory study likely contributed to the rise in metabolic activity after six weeks. Such increases are in agreement with previous studies that have shown that laboratory maintenance under conditions of consistent temperature and lighting, low UV exposure, absence of desiccation, and reduced wave stress all contribute to increased physiological performance of anemones (Shick, 1991; Verde and McCloskey, 1996b). In a study by Fitt et al, ṀO 2 of well-fed A. elegantissima was twice the rate of starved animals (Fitt et al, 1982); CZAR averaged 13% for fed anemones compared to 45% for starved or newly collected anemones.…”

Evolutionary conserved aspects of animal nutrient uptake and transport in sea anemone vitellogenesis

“…Our inability to detect alkyne-OA in the ECM speaks for a rapid clearance by high levels of endocytosis into oocytes, strongly supported by ultrastructural observations 27 . Notably, our experiments did not reveal any alkyne-OA or fluorescent bead accumulation in trophonema cells of the female SGE, despite this structure being previously proposed as the main nutrient shuttling cells during vitellogenesis in Nematostella and other sea anemones 24,26,46 . As our data challenges the historical hypothesis for nutrient transport into the oocytes during vitellogenesis, we next investigated how SGE-ECM lipid transport is mediated on the molecular level.…”

Cnidarian internal stinging mechanism

“…Our results support the hypothesis (van Praet 1985;Fautin & Mariscal 1991;Shick 1991) that nematocysts in the acontia and perhaps in mesenterial filaments, in general, have a role in digestion in the Anthozoa. We suggest that cnidarians employ cytolytic venoms such as PA 2 , a widespread cytolytic cnidarian venom ( Nevalainen et al 2004), within the GVC in order to induce disintegration of the prey, ultimately aiding digestive processes.…”