“…Compared with CCN1-3, the components and steps of WISP1 signaling are less characterized, but putative integrin recognition sites exist within VWC, TSP, and CT domains (22). In vitro binding assays and functional assays with integrinblocking antibodies implicated that ␣51, ␣v3, and ␣v5 were involved in WISP1 signaling, and these integrins were essential for WISP1-induced activation of focal adhesion kinase, Rac, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, JNK, or NF-B pathways in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow stromal cells, or cancer cells (26,30,31,(33)(34)(35)37).…”