A Functional Analysis of Hair Pulling

Rapp, John T.; Miltenberger, Raymond G.; Galensky, Tami L.; Ellingson, Sherry A.; Long, Ethan S.

doi:10.1901/jaba.1999.32-329

Cited by 65 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Because such behavior generates its own reinforcing stimu lation, experimenters must block or prevent the behavior to control its conse quence. Unless protective equipment can be used to attenuate the sensory consequence(s) maintaining the behavior (Iwata, Pace, Cowdery, & Miltenberger, 1994;Rapp, Miltenberger, galensky, ellingson, & Long, 1999), reinforcement for such behavior remains available.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Stimuli that Alter Immediate and Subsequent Levels of Vocal Stereotypy

Lanovaz¹,

Fletcher

Rapp³

2009

Behav Modif

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We used a three-component multiple-schedule with a brief reversal design to evaluate the effects of structurally unmatched and matched stimuli on immediate and subsequent vocal stereotypy that was displayed by three children with autism spectrum disorders. For 2 of the 3 participants, access to matched stimuli, unmatched stimuli, and music decreased immediate levels of vocal stereotypy; however, with the exception of matched stimuli for one participant, none of the stimuli produced a clear abolishing operation for subsequent vocal stereotypy. That is, vocal stereotypy typically increased to baseline levels shortly after alternative stimulation was removed. Detection of motivating operations for each participant's vocal stereotypy was aided by the analysis of component distributions. The results are discussed in terms of immediate and subsequent effects of preferred stimuli on automatically reinforced problem behavior.

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confidence: 99%

Identifying Stimuli that Alter Immediate and Subsequent Levels of Vocal Stereotypy

Lanovaz¹,

Fletcher

Rapp³

2009

Behav Modif

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“…Tactile. Tactile consequences involve reinforcement resulting from physical touch, typically produced by the manipulation of pulled hair (Rapp, Miltenberger, Galensky, Ellingson, and Long, 1999). As mentioned previously, certain types of hairs may be targeted by an individual for pulling.…”

Section: Phenomenologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pulling may also be maintained by positive reinforcement (Rapp et al, 1999). Positive reinforcers for pulling may include emotions of gratification, pleasure, or satisfaction experienced as a consequence of pulling; visual stimulation produced by particular hairs (e.g., plump roots; hairs of a particular thickness, texture, or color); and tactile stimulation created by prepulling hair twisting or stroking, pulling hairs out (e.g., sensation of popping), or post-pulling manipulations (e.g., rubbing hairs against body, face, lips; running hair between fingers).…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Trichotillomania

et al. 2010

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Trichotillomania (TTM), or chronic hair pulling, is associated with significant levels of distress and impairment. While research is in its infancy, more data are accumulating regarding the impact, phenomenology, maintaining variables, etiology, and treatment of TTM. Behavior therapy and clomipramine have been moderately effective in reducing TTM symptoms in clinical trials. Enhancing behavior therapy with techniques designed to address TTM patients’ emotional control tendencies (e.g., acceptance-based procedures) represents a promising direction in treating TTM.

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“…However, to the extent that hairpulling evokes pleasurable sensations (Meunier, Tolin, & Franklin, 2005;Stanley et al, 1992), the pulling habit may also be strengthened via positive reinforcement (Azrin & Nunn, 1973;Mansueto et al, 1997;Meunier, Tolin, Diefenbach et al, 2005). Pleasure may be obtained not only through pulling, but also through associated behaviors such as playing with or inspecting the hair, oral stimulation, or trichophagia (Christenson & Mansueto, 1999;Rapp, Miltenberger, Galensky, Ellingson, & Long, 1999). Thus, pulling may be maintained by either negative or positive reinforcement.…”

Section: The Model In Briefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating Trichotillomania

Franklin

Tolin

2007

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except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com v PREFACE The first and perhaps most important step in writing a treatment manual for use in clinical practice is to clearly explicate the logic of how the treatment, and hence the book, should be organized. Accordingly, our goal in this section is to lay out the structure of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for trichotillomania (TTM) and other body-focused impulse control disorders, clearly explaining critical decisions such as the chosen sequence of techniques or whether a given technique is considered a core component or a module to be used in some but not all cases. The structure of this particular book is influenced by the work of experts who have gone before us in pioneering CBT for TTM, and is also informed by over a decade of our own clinical work and research on TTM across the developmental spectrum. We are indebted to those who developed this approach to treatment and also to those who built the extant literature on the psychopathology of TTM and related disorders. These clinicians and researchers did so in order to help alleviate the suffering of those afflicted with these conditions, and we endeavor to follow in their footsteps in continuing this important work.One of the first decisions we needed to make about the book's emphasis was whether to create a treatment guide that focused primarily on the treatment of adult TTM with a separate chapter on developmental adjustments needed to conduct CBT with children and adolescents. We chose not to do this for several reasons: 1) much of our work with TTM in the last decade has been with youth, and we felt that our experiences with this population warranted more discussion than was feasible in a single chapter; 2) although there is a clear need to adapt treatment to the developmental level of the patient, the underlying core principles cut across the developmental spectrum and hence were more efficiently considered together; and 3) TTM is typically a pediatric onset disorder, and thus its treatment should be given equal weight compared to the treatment of adults. We encourage therapists with an interest in CBT for TTM but have worked primarily with adults to consider seeking additional training, supervision, and clinical experience in treating youth: there is a serious problem with treatment access for TTM in general, but this problem is particularly pronounced for families seeking help for their children.The book is organized into four subsections: 1) Overview and Assessment; 2) Treatment: Core...

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A Functional Analysis of Hair Pulling

Cited by 65 publications

References 20 publications

Identifying Stimuli that Alter Immediate and Subsequent Levels of Vocal Stereotypy

Identifying Stimuli that Alter Immediate and Subsequent Levels of Vocal Stereotypy

Recent Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Trichotillomania

Treating Trichotillomania

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