A fully web-illustrated morphological phylogenetic study of relationships among oak gall wasps and their closest relatives (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Abstract

Large morphological phylogenetics analyses are often poorly documented because of the constraints of traditional print journals, making it difficult to critically evaluate the data and build on it in future studies. We use modern information technology to overcome this problem in a comprehensive analysis of higher relationships among oak gall wasps and their closest relatives. Our morphological characters are documented by more than 2,000 images deposited in the open web image database Morphbank (http://www.morphbank.net), allowing one-click access from character and character state descriptions to the raw data. The oak gall wasps (Cynipidae: Cynipini) form one of the largest specialized radiations of galling insects with almost 1,000 described species attacking oaks or oak relatives. According to previous morphological studies, the Cynipini form a monophyletic clade, the Woody Rosid Gallers (WRG), together with three small cynipid tribes (Diplolepidini, Eschatocerini, and Pediaspidini). The WRG all attack woody representatives of the rosid clade of eudicots. Little was previously known about higher WRG relationships. We studied 54 exemplar taxa of WRG, including representatives from 34 of the 41 valid genera of oak gall wasps, and two outgroups. The study resulted in 308 characters, 283 from morphology and 25 from biology and distribution; most of these are original to the present paper. Parsimony analyses supported the monophyly of three major WRG lineages: Diplolepidini + Eschatocerini, Pediaspidini + Paraulax, and Cynipini. The poorly known South American genus Paraulax, developing in galls on Nothofagus, is moved from Cynipini to Pediaspidini to reflect these results. The single Japanese species described in Paraulax by Shinji (types lost) is transferred to Ceroptres as C. quereicola (Shinji 1938) comb. nov. Two major lineages of oak gallers were recognized in most analyses: (1) the Neuroterus-group (Neuroterus, Pseudoneuroterus, the previously recognized genus Trichagalma, Plagiotrochus, possibly also Palearctic Dryocosmus and Aphelonyx+Disholcaspis); and (2)the Cynips-group (Cynips, Belonocnema, Atrusca, Acraspis, Philonix, Biorhiza and Trigonaspis). The large and problematic genus Andricus was paraphyletic in some analyses and monophyletic in others, with Disholcaspis spectabilis being the sister to other Cynipini in the former case and European Callirhytis in the latter. Our results suggest that WRG are conservative in their host plant preferences but there is no evidence for parallel insect-plant cladogenesis. Distributional patterns suggest a possible origin for the oak gall wasps in the Nearctic but the picture is otherwise complicated. Both heterogeny, the cyclical alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic generations, and heteroecy, the use of different sections of Quercus as host for the two generations, appear to have evolved twice within the WRG.

Agastoroxenia panamensis, a New Genus and Species of Inquiline Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) of the Neotropics

“…Measurements were made with a calibrated micrometer scale attached to an ocular of the light microscope. Terminology of the morphological structures and abbreviations followed Ronquist and Nordlander (1989), Ronquist (1995), Liljeblad et al (2008), andNieves-Aldrey (2001 Etymology. From the Greek agastoros (meaning kinsman) and xenia (meaning to seize for use) referred to the usurping of the host gall.…”

“…The family Cynipidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) is a species rich group of insects containing Ͼ1,400 species (Nieves-Aldrey 2001, Csó ka et al 2005, Liljeblad et al 2008. The majority of the cynipids, also called gall wasps, are highly specialized phytophagous insects able to induce complex galls on plants, but the family also contains representatives that inhabit plant galls induced by other insects.…”

A new genus of cynipid inquiline, Lithosaphonecrus Tang, Melika & Bozsó (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of four new species from Taiwan and China

“…The terminology used to describe gallwasp morphology follows other recent cynipid studies (Melika 2006;Melika et al 2010;Liljeblad et al 2008). Abbreviations for fore wing venation follows Melika (2006), cuticular surface terminology follows that of Harris (1979).…”

Cynipidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) on Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae) in Mainland China, with the First Record of Sexual Generation of Cynipini in Winter

“…The tribe Cynipini, or oak gall wasps, includes Ϸ1,000 species and is the largest tribe within the family Cynipidae, which itself includes Ϸ1,400 species (Ronquist and Liljeblad 2001;Csó ka et al 2005;Liljeblad et al 2008Liljeblad et al , 2011. The vast majority of the members of this tribe induce galls on plants in the subgenus Quercus of the genus Quercus (Stone et al 2002, Csó ka et al 2005, Abe et al 2007, Liljeblad et al 2008.…”

“…The vast majority of the members of this tribe induce galls on plants in the subgenus Quercus of the genus Quercus (Stone et al 2002, Csó ka et al 2005, Abe et al 2007, Liljeblad et al 2008. The genus Quercus is divided into the strictly Asian subgenus, Cyclobalanopsis, and the more widespread subgenus Quercus (Nixon 1993, Govaerts andFrodin 1998).…”