“…Pesticide pollution of irrigation water can negatively impact biodiversity (Pandey et al, 2020 ), and direct contact with applied pesticides can adversely affect nontarget species, soils, and waterways (Barbieri et al, 2021 ). Some examples of harmful impacts of pesticides on nontarget species include inhibition of enzyme functions, bioaccumulation in and damage to fish tissues (Clasen et al, 2018 ; Gao et al, 2020 ; Rossi et al, 2020 ), disturbances in the swimming behaviors of fish and amphibians (Shuman‐Goodier et al, 2017 ), hormonal disruption in frogs (Shuman‐Goodier et al, 2017 ), the restriction of development and biological activities of beetles (Khan et al, 2018 ), mortality and changed feeding behavior of spiders (Tahir et al, 2019 ), mortality of bees and wasps (Cheng et al, 2018 ; Yasuda et al, 2017 ), weight loss and shifts in enzymatic activity of earthworms (Rico et al, 2016 ), and reduction of soil microbe populations (Nicomrat et al, 2016 ). Optimal use of pesticides in paddy farming supports beneficial species, leading to ecosystem services that limit pests, while maximizing production (Horgan, 2017 ).…”