A full and heterogeneous model of the ITER tokamak for comprehensive nuclear analyses

Juárez, R.; Pedroche, G.; Loughlin, M.; Pampin, R.; Martínez, Pedro J Argudín; Pietri, Marco De; Alguacil, J.; Ogando, F.; Sauvan, P.; López-Revelles, Antonio Jesús; Kolsek, Aljaz; Polunovskiy, E.; Fabbri, Marco; Sanz, J.

doi:10.1038/s41560-020-00753-x

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The radiation source considered makes use of the so‐called mosaic‐source approach of SRC‐UNED 36 . A WSSA file computed with D1S‐UNED v3.1.3 38 using an obsolete E‐lite model 30 . It corresponds to a version of the model with an obsolete NBI 80° sector in‐bio‐shield model, 31 consistent with the geometry in consideration out‐bio‐shield and some other out‐of‐date representations of port plugs.…”

Section: Programmable Realization Of the Methodology Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One driver of the increment in the complexity captured in the modern simulation of radiation fields is the use of tools to support the simulation with 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) models, preserving relevant aspects with a high degree of detail 24‐27 . Examples of this increased complexity are the so‐called ITER reference MCNP models: C‐model, 28 the Tokamak Complex 29 (TC) or the E‐lite 30 (360° model of the ITER Tokamak).…”

Section: Complexity Of the Geometries And Radiation Sources In Simulation Nowadaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It allows its reconstruction for further simulations with an extraordinary level of detail and information. This radiation source fed with the information computed with E‐lite 30 is considered here to illustrate the need and power of the vector calculus in the analysis of complex radiation fields. It is shown in Figure 14.…”

Section: Complexity Of the Geometries And Radiation Sources In Simulation Nowadaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they are useful to provide a meaningful example. The mosaic source 36 fed with information obtained with E‐lite 30 was considered. Further details on the methods to obtain the fields under discussion here are given in section 5.…”

Section: An Application To Iter‐like Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved radiation shielding analysis considering vector calculus

et al. 2020

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Summary The future of nuclear energy in the energy mix faces a permanent scrutiny of safety aspects in conciliation with bridled costs, either fission‐ or fusion‐based. This affects to all the exciting milestones pursued in XXIst. To name few in the field of fission, the deployment of the IVth generation reactors is expected or the definitive solution to the radioactive wastes is sought. A mention apart is made to fusion technology, with ITER as the flagship project. It seeks a virtually infinite energy source, intrinsically safe and with reduced radioactive waste production with respect to fission the first commercial reactor. All these, and many other endeavors, share the operation of sophisticated devices in the presence of intense ionizing radiation fields. Humans and electronics must be protected to ensure safe and reliable performance, while shielding normally represents a large fraction of the budget. This involves nuclear analysis in the design phase to forecast the radiation conditions. The complexity of the simulation of 3D radiation fields that is computationally affordable nowadays is unprecedented. While sophistication in geometries and source definitions has become routine, the resulting complexity of these scalar fields makes their analysis increasingly difficult. The need of enhancement of the analysis techniques is evident today. Vector calculus is proposed following a physical interpretation of the field lines that boosts the analysis capabilities. It identifies the trajectories around which shielding is weakest in an automated errorless and effortless approach. Its power is illustrated with an example relevant to the ITER reactor.

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Section: Programmable Realization Of the Methodology Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Complexity Of the Geometries And Radiation Sources In Simulation Nowadaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Complexity Of the Geometries And Radiation Sources In Simulation Nowadaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Application To Iter‐like Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved radiation shielding analysis considering vector calculus

et al. 2020

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“…Because of the fast and sensitive dual detection capability of our hybrid perovskites, we envision it may revolutionize mixed-field radiation detection, by accurately monitoring nuclear reactors (laser nuclear fusion, tokamak nuclear fusion, and pulse nuclear reactors). 50 This material could also be utilized for beam monitoring in proton therapy, to locate prompt γ-rays, and neutrons upon proton-target interaction. 51 Moreover, our work informs on hybridization at the molecular level to boost the scintillation performance, and suggests that more organic-inorganic hybrids, including lead or lead-free halides with zero, one, or two-dimensional crystal structures, are worth exploration for more diverse applications.…”

Section: Application Of Plbc For Fastneutron and Mixed Field Radiatio...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite scintillators for mixed field radiation detection

Xia

Niu

Liu

et al. 2022

InfoMat

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Sensitive and fast detection of neutrons and gamma rays is vital for homeland security, high‐energy physics, and proton therapy. Fast‐neutron detectors rely on light organic scintillators, and γ‐ray detectors use heavy inorganic scintillators and semiconductors. Efficient mixed‐field detection using a single material is highly challenging due to their contradictory requirements. Here we report hybrid perovskites (C8H12N)2Pb(Br1−xClx)4 that combine light organic cations and heavy inorganic skeletons at a molecular level to achieve unprecedented performance for mixed‐field radiation detection. High neutron absorption due to a high density of hydrogen, strong radiative recombination within the highly confined [PbX6]4− layer, and sub‐nanometer distance between absorption sites and radiative centers, enable a light yield of 41 000 photons/MeV, detection pulse width of 2.97 ns and extraordinary linearity response toward both fast neutrons and γ‐rays, outperforming commonly used fast‐neutron scintillators. Neutron energy spectrum, time‐of‐flight based fast‐neutron/γ‐ray discrimination and neutron yield monitoring were all successfully achieved using (C8H12N)2Pb(Br0.95Cl0.05)4 detectors. We further demonstrate the monitoring of reaction kinetics and total power of a nuclear fusion reaction. We envision that molecular hybridized scintillators open a new avenue for mixed‐field radiation detection and imaging.

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Direct Fast‐Neutron Detection by 2D Perovskite Semiconductor

Gao

Wan

Jin

et al. 2023

Small

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Fast‐neutrons play a critical role in a range of applications, including medical imaging, therapy, and nondestructive inspection. However, direct detecting fast‐neutrons by semiconductors has proven to be challenging due to their weak interaction with most matter and the requirement of high carrier mobility‐lifetime (µτ) product for efficient charge collection. Herein, a novel approach is presented to direct fast‐neutron detection using 2D Dion–Jacobson perovskite semiconductor BDAPbBr4. This material features a high fast‐neutron caption cross‐section, good electrical stability, high resistivity, and, most importantly, a record‐high µτ product of 3.3 × 10−4 cm2 V−1, outperforming most reported fast‐neutron detection semiconductors. As a result, BDAPbBr4 detector exhibited good response to fast‐neutrons, not only achieving fast‐neutron energy spectra in counting mode, but also obtaining linear and fast response in integration mode. This work provides a paradigm‐shifting strategy for designing materials that efficiently detect fast‐neutrons and paves the way toward exciting applications in fast‐neutron imaging and therapy.

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A full and heterogeneous model of the ITER tokamak for comprehensive nuclear analyses

Cited by 45 publications

References 26 publications

Improved radiation shielding analysis considering vector calculus

Improved radiation shielding analysis considering vector calculus

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite scintillators for mixed field radiation detection

Direct Fast‐Neutron Detection by 2D Perovskite Semiconductor

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