A Fuel-Based Assessment of Off-Road Diesel Engine Emissions

Abstract

The use of diesel engines in off-road applications is a significant source of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM 10 ). Such off-road applications include railroad locomotives, marine vessels, and equipment used for agriculture, construction, logging, and mining. Emissions from these sources are only beginning to be controlled. Due to the large number of these engines and their wide range of applications, total activity and emissions from these sources are uncertain. A method for estimating the emissions from off-road diesel engines based on the quantity of diesel fuel consumed is presented. Emission factors are normalized by fuel consumption, and total activity is estimated by the total fuel consumed.Total exhaust emissions from off-road diesel equipment (excluding locomotives and marine vessels) in the United States during 1996 have been estimated to be 1.2 × 10 9 kg NO x and 1.2 × 10 8 kg PM 10 . Emissions estimates published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are 2.3 times higher for both NO x and exhaust PM 10 emissions than estimates based directly on fuel consumption. These emissions estimates disagree mainly due to differences in activity estimates, rather than to differences in the emission factors. All current emission inventories for off-road engines are uncertain because of the limited in-use emissions testing that has been performed on these engines. Regional-and state-level breakdowns in diesel fuel consumption by off-road mobile sources are also presented. Taken together with on-road measurements of diesel engine emissions, results of this study suggest that in 1996, off-road diesel equipment (including IMPLICATIONSThe contribution of off-road diesel equipment to total emissions of NO x and PM may be lower than suggested by current emission inventories. As a consequence, control of these sources may not lead to air quality benefits that are as large as expected.agriculture, construction, logging, and mining equipment, but not locomotives or marine vessels) was responsible for 10% of mobile source NO x emissions nationally, whereas on-road diesel vehicles contributed 33%.

Assessing the spatial distribution of nitrogen dioxide in London, Ontario

“…Railroad transportation consumes one quarter of off-road diesel fuels sold in the United States and 30.2% in central United States, which include neighboring states adjacent to Ontario with similar transportation networks (Kean et al, 2000). In 2009, 1.6 Â 10 10 L of diesel were sold for road motor vehicles (Statistics Canada, 2011a) and 1.8 Â 10 9 L for trains (Statistics Canada, 2011b) in Canada.…”

The Mobile Source Effect on Curbside 1,3-Butadiene, Benzene, and Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Assessed at a Tollbooth

“…Benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and PAH are of particular concern as environmental carcinogens. Although emission data are available from dynamometer testing 37 and tunnel tests 38,39 and annual ambient estimates have been modeled, 24,40 the current study represents some of the first time-resolved measurements quantifying the association between outdoor curbside pollutant levels and traffic volume and class.…”

Evaluations for Representativeness of Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles' Fuel-based Emission Factors on Vehicle Operating Conditions

“…(Kirchstetter et al, 1999), 도로변 대기질 측정 (Shi et al, 2002), 도로상의 추적 실험 (Wang et al, 2012;Park et al, 2011;Kittelson et al, 2004) 및 원격측정기 (Remote Sensing Device, RSD)를 이용한 도로상의 오염 물질 측정 (Pokharel et al, 2002;Harley, 2000, 1996) 결과 분석 등에 많이 사용되고 있다. 또 한, 자동차 이외의 건설기계 배출량 분석 (Kean et al, 2000)이나 액화석유가스 (LPG)와 같은 휘발유, 경유 이외의 연료 차량에 대한 배출량 산정 (Ning and Chan, 2007) (Franco et al, 2013). 으로 평가하였다 (Japan and UK DHC Group, 2010).…”