A friendly-environmental strategy: application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to ornamental plants for plant growth and garden landscape

Abstract

The demand for ornamental plants is increasing due to urban greening and rural construction, while the growing environment of plants, especially the soil environment, is deteriorating. Hence, sustainable methods of ornamental plant cultivation need to be developed quickly. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to ornamental plants can be one of the eco-friendly ways to achieve the objective. Soil AMF establish mycorrhizal symbiosis with roots of ornamental plants, which can develop a marvelous mycorrhizal mycelium network in the rhizosphere to stimulate nutrient and water acquisition of host plants. Numerous researches have proven that AMF improved the quality of ornamental plants, like fruit yield, height, biomass, seed quality, the size and number of flowers, leaf, and root. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi also improve nutrient uptake and endogenous hormone balance of host plants. Another important function of AMF is to regulate the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of host plants to adversity, including drought stress, temperature stress, heavy-metal stress, and insect and disease stress. From the perspective of the ecological garden landscape, AMF richness would maintain plant abundance, nutrient and energy balance, and higher productivity in normal and soil environment stress, thus, establishing a friendly-environmental ecosystem. This review also provides the basis to exploit and improve the commercial application of AMF in ornamental plants in the future.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fertilization Influence Yield, Growth and Root Colonization of Different Tomato Genotype

“…In our study, we found a significant increase in mycorrhizal plants in terms of yield in the twelve tomato genotypes. The result confirms previous studies, which showed a clear increase in the yield of mycorrhizal tomato plants compared with non-mycorrhizal plants [28,59,60]. Considering the production after inoculation of plants, the results indicated similar values to those observed under the influence of the fertilizer treatment; similar results have been observed in other studies [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71].…”

Efecto de paclobutrazol y Glomus intraradices en el cultivo de Lilium cv. Armandale y Tresor

“…Con respecto a los tipos de riego, los tallos de Lilium 'Tresor' fertirrigados con SN-P+GI fueron los que presentaron los botones florales más largos (53,41 mm), lo cual sugiere que para este cultivar, la aplicación de 1 g de inóculo endomicorrízico con 800 esporas de G. intraradices podría ser buena opción para mejorar el aspecto de los botones florales cuando en el riego hay deficiencia de fósforo. Xie et al (2020) y Engel et al (2016) mencionan que las micorrizas arbusculares pueden mejorar la absorción de fósforo o incrementar el número de flores en Calendula officinalis o Geranium. De manera similar que en Lilium 'Tresor', en Lilium 'Orange Pixie' la aplicación de 100 g de inóculo endomicorrízico con esporas de G. fasciculatum aumentó la longitud de los botones florales de 6,35 a 7,28 mm (Rubí Arriaga et al, 2009).…”

“…Otra opción amigable con el ambiente y que mejora la productividad de las cosechas es la bio-fertilización con hongos del género Glomus como Glomus fasciculatum o Glomus intraradices. La simbiosis entre estos hongos con las raíces de las ornamentales forma micorrizas arbusculares con una red de micelio que incrementa hasta cuarenta veces el área de absorción, lo que favorece el flujo de agua y elementos esenciales hacia la planta (Varshney et al, 2002;Xie et al, 2020). Con esta relación mutualista, ambos participantes se benefician de manera bidireccional, la planta transfiere carbono derivado de su actividad fotosintética y adquiere tolerancia contra el estrés hídrico, salino, térmico o deficiencias nutrimentales entre otras; mientras que el hongo favorece la absorción de elementos esenciales, como fósforo, nitrógeno y zinc (Begum et al, 2019;Jones y Smith, 2004;Smith y Smith, 2011).…”

Quality of floral stems of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Raf.) inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Glomus intraradices

“…The predominant bacteria identified as PGPR include the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The mechanisms they use to promote plant growth are: (1) biofertilization (for example, biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and exopolysaccharide production); (2) phytostimulation (production of indole acetic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene); and (3) biological control (induction of systemic resistance, competition for iron, nutrients, and space, production of antibiotics, lytic enzymes, hydrogen cyanide, and volatile compounds) as well as resistance to heavy-metal, drought or temperature stress (Noumavo et al, 2016;Xie et al, 2020).…”