A Frequency and Voltage Stability-Based Load Shedding Technique for Low Inertia Power Systems

Abstract

The aim of this research work is to develop a load shedding methodology to improve the frequency response of low inertia grids by attaining satisfactory voltage stability. In recent times, wind energy integration has considerably increased in many power grids. Consequently, conventional synchronous machines are being replaced from dispatch. Unlike traditional synchronous machines, variable speed wind turbine generators usually do not take part in frequency regulation without supplementary control mechanism. During substantial wind penetration, a power system may have a small number of online synchronous machines. As a result, synchronous inertia and governor responsive reserve significantly reduce. Under such situation, a system has to rely on load shedding as a last line of defense to rescue the system frequency following a large contingency. However, the conventional Under-Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) strategy may lead to larger frequency deviation and higher amount of load cut in certain cases. A new load shedding methodology is presented in this paper to overcome this challenge. Unlike conventional UFLS technique, higher proportion of load shedding is applied to relatively weaker buses in terms of voltage stability in the proposed mechanism. Based on reactive power margin, which is an index to specify voltage stability, a general expression to quantify load shedding is derived. Also, the adaptability of the proposed strategy to various load levels is ensured. Later on, performances of the developed strategy are explored in a low inertia wind dominated test network. Simulations are executed considering various penetration levels of wind power and for two severe contingencies -loss of 550 MW interconnection and loss of 650 MW interconnection. Investigations reveal that the proposed load shedding methodology ensures satisfactory frequency response in all simulation cases. Also, the developed technique yields less frequency deviation and load cut compared to the conventional UFLS mechanism. Therefore, the reported load shedding scheme is found to be more competent to concurrently maintain frequency and voltage stabilities in renewable dominated power systems.

Correction Control Model of L-Index Based on VSC-OPF and BLS Method

“…Reference [14] utilized the direct equilibrium tracing method to determine the saddle node bifurcation point such that the minimum control actions were derived, and finally, voltage correction was performed by shedding loads. Furthermore, a load shedding algorithm is proposed in [15], which applies a higher percentage of load shedding to buses with relatively weak voltage stability, thus obtaining satisfactory voltage stability while improving the frequency response of the grid. However, it is imperative to exercise caution when implementing load shedding, as it carries the risk of partial power outages.…”

Review of Low Inertia in Power Systems Caused by High Proportion of Renewable Energy Grid Integration

“…In view of the fact that many existing researchers rely on high-speed communication infrastructures and a large number of PMUs to ensure the effect of the proposed strategy, reference [67] proposes a new load-shedding strategy to improve the frequency stability of the power system by retaining the voltage stability, which overcomes this shortcoming. In this strategy, the reactive power margin is adopted as an indicator to define the bus strength, and a higher percentage of load shedding is applied to relatively weaker buses to ensure the stability of voltage and frequency after a contingency.…”

Improvement of Frequency Regulation of a Wind-Integrated Power System Based on a PD-PIDA Controlled STATCOM Tuned by the Artificial Rabbits Optimizer

“…There are a number of factors that contribute to the degradation of system frequency stability, including the lack of system inertia brought on by the rising growth of renewable energy sources (RESs), unexpected load disruption, and failure of a generation unit [3], [4]. Consequently, if the system is exposed to unbalance between generation and load, it is essential to maintain the system frequency within the allowable variation boundaries of its normal value [5]. In situations when a loss of generation causes a drop in frequency and a rapid decrease in load causes a rise in frequency [6].…”