Abstract:Abstract:One of the key objectives of contemporary urban design is to ensure the quality and activity within urban public spaces. Presented as a progressively emerging paradigm in this process, the effects of urban climatology are increasingly elucidating the need for further climate responsive environments. Moreover, this interest is one that shall increase along with the progression of climate change effects upon outdoor environments. Nevertheless, it is often that climatic assessments lack bottom-up climati… Show more
“…The principal climatic variables considered are T amb and precipitation, which are subsequently computed every decade to smooth out year-to-year variations. Consequently, the system is extensively used by researchers and scientists across a large range of disciplines as a method for the climatic regionalisation of climatic variables from top-down climatic assessments (e.g., [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]). …”
Section: Application Of Köppen Geiger Classification Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, this can lead to an undesired wetting sensation upon pedestrians. In order to effectively lower T amb without imperilling acceptable humidity levels within PSD, the appropriate water pressure, nozzle type, and functioning period must be established [17,28,54].…”
Section: Engineering Oriented Approachmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Unlike most of the other thermal PSD measures, the design of shade canopies can be often interlinked with temporary solutions. Here, the design of the structure itself can be oriented as an Ephemeral Thermal Comfort Solution (ETCS) [28], which can provide short-term solutions during annual periods of higher thermal stimuli. When considering 'Temperate' climates and their general solar radiation implications on Mediterranean cities, one must similarly consider that there is an increased need for solar radiation during the winter as well.…”
Based on the Köppen Geiger (KG) classification system, this review article examines existing studies and projects that have endeavoured to address local outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through Public Space Design (PSD). The review is divided into two sequential stages, whereby (1) overall existing approaches to pedestrian thermal comfort thresholds are reviewed within both quantitative and qualitative spectrums; and (2) the different techniques and measures are reviewed and framed into four Measure Review Frameworks (MRFs), in which each type of PSD measure is presented alongside its respective local scale urban specificities/conditions and their resulting thermal attenuation outcomes. The result of this review article is the assessment of how current practices of PSD within three specific subcategories of the KG 'Temperate' group have addressed microclimatic aggravations such as elevated urban temperatures and Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects. Based upon a bottom-up approach, the interdisciplinary practice of PSD is hence approached as a means to address existing and future thermal risk factors within the urban public realm in an era of potential climate change.
“…The principal climatic variables considered are T amb and precipitation, which are subsequently computed every decade to smooth out year-to-year variations. Consequently, the system is extensively used by researchers and scientists across a large range of disciplines as a method for the climatic regionalisation of climatic variables from top-down climatic assessments (e.g., [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]). …”
Section: Application Of Köppen Geiger Classification Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, this can lead to an undesired wetting sensation upon pedestrians. In order to effectively lower T amb without imperilling acceptable humidity levels within PSD, the appropriate water pressure, nozzle type, and functioning period must be established [17,28,54].…”
Section: Engineering Oriented Approachmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Unlike most of the other thermal PSD measures, the design of shade canopies can be often interlinked with temporary solutions. Here, the design of the structure itself can be oriented as an Ephemeral Thermal Comfort Solution (ETCS) [28], which can provide short-term solutions during annual periods of higher thermal stimuli. When considering 'Temperate' climates and their general solar radiation implications on Mediterranean cities, one must similarly consider that there is an increased need for solar radiation during the winter as well.…”
Based on the Köppen Geiger (KG) classification system, this review article examines existing studies and projects that have endeavoured to address local outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through Public Space Design (PSD). The review is divided into two sequential stages, whereby (1) overall existing approaches to pedestrian thermal comfort thresholds are reviewed within both quantitative and qualitative spectrums; and (2) the different techniques and measures are reviewed and framed into four Measure Review Frameworks (MRFs), in which each type of PSD measure is presented alongside its respective local scale urban specificities/conditions and their resulting thermal attenuation outcomes. The result of this review article is the assessment of how current practices of PSD within three specific subcategories of the KG 'Temperate' group have addressed microclimatic aggravations such as elevated urban temperatures and Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects. Based upon a bottom-up approach, the interdisciplinary practice of PSD is hence approached as a means to address existing and future thermal risk factors within the urban public realm in an era of potential climate change.
“…This is namely the case of the previously mentioned 'green roofs'. They are fairly inexpensive measures that even if not fulfilling the flood risk management purpose of water harvesting, they may fulfil other purposes, such as improving microclimatic conditions by permitting increased albedo levels or encouraging evapotranspiration processes [45]. These types of measures are particularly interesting in the context of learning and exploring adaptation processes, since they are not hindered by the need to succeed and consequently endorse continual improvement [46].…”
Assuming the importance of public space design in the implementation of effective adaptation action towards urban flooding, this paper identifies and systematizes a wide range of flood adaptation measures pertinent to the design of public spaces. It presents findings from both a systematic literature review and an empirical analysis retrieved from concrete public space design precedents. It concludes with the presentation of a conceptual framework that organizes the identified measures in accordance to their main, and secondary, infrastructural strategies. The intention behind the disclosed framework is to aid a multitude of professionals during the initial exploratory phases of public space projects that incorporate flooding adaptation capacities.
The current “Building a Better New Zealand” initiative began in 2009 with the New Zealand Government and the Building Industry working together to develop “Building the Future”—a document that looked at the challenges and opportunities facing the country’s building and construction industry in coming decades. [...]
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