“…The VE in the construction industry has been used for various applications such as project conceptualization, site selection, feasibility of design proposal, selection of construction material, method, and facility maintenance (Atabay and Galipogullari, 2013). The application of VE in construction projects enabled cost reduction, functional enhancement, time shortening, and improvements in constructability, quality, and sustainability (Shen and Liu, 2004;Shen and Yu, 2012;Atabay and Galipogullari, 2013;Salmi, 2017;Gunarathne, et al, 2020). The VE process was found applied at various stages of the project lifecycle such as planning and analysis, schematic design, design development, construction documentation, construction and operation, and maintenance stages (Danso and Kwadwo, 2019).…”