A framework for designing and evaluating realistic blockchain-based local energy markets

Research on Supply Chain Financial Risk Assessment Based on Blockchain and Fuzzy Neural Networks

“…The consensus layer combines the application layer with the appropriate scenario to complete the integration with the actual application. This scheme verifies the consistency of node data and completes the filtering of nodes to ensure consensus [29].…”

Exploratory literature review of blockchain in the construction industry

“…Network systems such as internet of things (IoT) and smart technologies include the potential to integrate with blockchain to provide increased trust in authenticating data, which is achieved without reliance on oversight from centralised technology companies [24]. Concerns regarding privacy is mitigated through private blockchain protocols such as Hyperledger Fabric, which uses an enterprise-centric model that provides platform developers with control over the privacy features on their network [81]. Alternatively, public blockchain protocols, such as Ethereum, include advanced cryptographic methods such as zero-knowledge-proofs which allow private data exchanges to occur on a public network [82].…”

“…The integration between decentralised microgrids and the main power grid is made possible through a demandside management (DSM) application proposed by Noor et al, whereby consumers are able to supply their own smart energy appliances and battery storage and utilise the DSM application to connect their local grid to the main grid [94]. Christidis, et al, conducted a case study of 63 solar panel fitted homes, situated in Texas, United States, which compared the efficiency of a semi-centralised versus a decentralised energy grid market, which included the former consisting of high transactions speeds with lower security, while the latter included low transaction speeds with higher security, which resulted in the blockchain approach being less efficient due to its high latency in processing transactions [81]. A similar framework was proposed by Foti & Vavalis, which investigated how a blockchain-based smart grid would perform with 1000 participants transacting on the Ethereum blockchain testnetwork, which resulted in the centralised grid being efficient at providing lower cost electricity due to the mining fees associated with blockchain, however, when factoring in the lifecycle cost of managing systems, the decentralised approach was discussed as potentially being more cost-effective and resilient to external threats such as cyber-attacks [95].…”

A secure distributed ledger for transactive energy: The Electron Volt Exchange (EVE) blockchain

“…A related study that uses Hyperledger Composer in [32] determines the market clearing price by averaging bid prices offered by all buyers while sorting sellers by first-in, first-out basis. An approach similar to [32] using an Ethereum based blockchain architecture is found in [33]. However, such algorithms can be easily exploited by malicious prosumers or attackers to manipulate the clearing price and destabilize the TE market.…”