“…It has been recommended for the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS; Figure 1) by expert advisory panels (Lubinski and Barko, 2003;Barko et al, 2006) and in Federal policy (U.S. Water Resources Development Act 2007, Section 8001). Our conceptual model for the UMRS integrates process and function among five Essential Ecosystem Components (EECs; Harwell et al, 1999), with hydrology, geomorphology, and biogeochemistry strongly influencing habitat and biota (Lubinski and Barko, 2003;Jacobsen, in press). The primary ecological driver of large floodplain river landscapes is hydrology (Junk et al, 1989;Poff et al, 1997;Sparks et al, 1998;Whited et al, 2007;Klimas et al, 2009), with discharge and river stage being the most common indicators of system condition and variability.…”