A Four-Terminal Water-Quality-Monitoring Conductivity Sensor

Ramos, Pedro M.; Pereira, M.; Ramos, Helena G.; Ribeiro, A. Lopes

doi:10.1109/tim.2007.911703

Cited by 78 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The conductivity MEA has a better response time (less to 0.1 s) over the commercial conductivity sensors (about 10-30 s), with the similar R square value (>0.95) [30,31], since the four-electrode structure efficiently reduced the effects of polarization and increased the accuracy compared with the two-electrode conductivity structure. Furthermore, the miniature size (<1 mm) of the MEA sensors minimized the impact of the sensor to the solution compared with traditional conductivity sensors (>100 mm) [41]. Due to the close association between conductivity and temperature (Eq.…”

Section: Calibration Of Physical Mea Sensors (Temperature and Conductmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time in situ sensing of multiple water quality related parameters using micro-electrode array (MEA) fabricated by inkjet-printing technology (IPT)

Dong

Otieno

et al. 2016

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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Section: Calibration Of Physical Mea Sensors (Temperature and Conductmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time in situ sensing of multiple water quality related parameters using micro-electrode array (MEA) fabricated by inkjet-printing technology (IPT)

Dong

Otieno

et al. 2016

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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“…The molar conductivities of all the electrolyte solutions and of human nail plate immersed therein were determined by a four terminal resistance method 25,30,31 in side-by-side diffusion cells (PermeGear Inc., Bethlehem, PA). The method was that used in Franz diffusion cells by LaCount and Kasting 25 except for variations as described below.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size and Charge Dependence of Ion Transport in Human Nail Plate

Baswan

LaCount

et al. 2016

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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The electrical properties of human nail plate are poorly characterized, yet are a key determinate of the potential to treat nail diseases such as onychomycosis using iontophoresis. In order to address this deficiency, molar conductivities of 17 electrolytes comprising 12 ionic species were determined in hydrated human nail plate in vitro. Cation transport numbers across the nail for 11 of these electrolytes were determined by the electromotive force method. Effective ionic mobilities and diffusivities at infinite dilution for all ionic species were determined by regression analysis. The ratios of diffusivities in nail to those in solution were found to correlate inversely with the hydrodynamic radii of the ions according to a power law relationship having an exponent of −1.75 ± 0.27, a substantially steeper size dependence than observed for similar experiments in skin. Effective diffusivities of cations in nail were three-fold higher than those of comparably sized anions. These results reflect the strong size and charge selectivity of the nail plate for ionic conduction and diffusion. The analysis implies that efficient transungual iontophoretic delivery of ionized drugs having radii upwards of 5 Å (approximately MW ≥ 340 Da) will require chemical or mechanical alteration of the nail plate.

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“…Nevertheless, the contact measurement principle will accelerate the metal corrosion, which will influence the experiment results. For salinity measurement, the conductivity meters [9,10] are the most widely used and two electrodes are exploited to detect the water conductivity, related to the concentrations of the dissolved salt. However, this method can easily cause water polarization [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Temperature and Salinity Measurement Using Frequency Comb

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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Water temperature and salinity are key parameters in many fields such as industry, forestry and agriculture. In this paper, we, theoretically and experimentally, demonstrate a method which is capable of water temperature and salinity measurement based on a laser frequency comb at 518 nm. We have developed a simple Michelson interferometer system. By scanning a mirror on a precision displacement platform, a pair of cross-correlation patterns can be obtained. The real-time optical distance information from these cross-correlation patterns can be used to calculate the optical distance difference changes. Temperature and salinity can be measured via these changes, aided by the empirical formulas. Compared with the reference values, our results show the differences of below 0.12 °C for temperature measurements, and 0.06 ‰ for salinity measurements. The obtained results indicate that our method can offer a powerful scheme for future temperature and salinity measurement.

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A Four-Terminal Water-Quality-Monitoring Conductivity Sensor

Cited by 78 publications

References 12 publications

Real-time in situ sensing of multiple water quality related parameters using micro-electrode array (MEA) fabricated by inkjet-printing technology (IPT)

Real-time in situ sensing of multiple water quality related parameters using micro-electrode array (MEA) fabricated by inkjet-printing technology (IPT)

Size and Charge Dependence of Ion Transport in Human Nail Plate

Water Temperature and Salinity Measurement Using Frequency Comb

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