A formulation to optimize the risk reduction process based on LOPA

A grid-based facilities allocation approach with safety and optimal heat exchanger networks synthesis

“…This reference also describes several models to estimate concentration of either passive or dense gas dispersions based on solving the convective-diffusive equation. Additional protections such as physical barriers could be incorporated to prevent unrealistically large separations among facilities (Díaz-Ovalle et al, 2013;Ramírez-Marengo et al, 2013).…”

Comparing conditional probabilities and statistical independence in layers of protection analysis

“…Quantitative risk analysis (QRA) methods enhance layers of protection analysis (LOPA), which is used to reduce the risk involved in a chemical process. [1][2][3] QRA methods include hazard identification, probability calculation, consequence assessment, and risk quantification. 4 In this work, conditional probability-based methods are explored, which do not require that all layers of protection function (and fail) independently of each other.…”

“…Quantitative risk analysis (QRA) methods enhance layers of protection analysis (LOPA), which is used to reduce the risk involved in a chemical process 1‐3 . QRA methods include hazard identification, probability calculation, consequence assessment, and risk quantification 4 .…”

A Systematic Methodology for Comprehensive Economic Assessment of Process Control Structures

“…The attractive quality of LOPA is its ability to quantify the economic impact of an event by allowing the calculation of the probability of such an event occurring and estimating the economic consequences of such an event. LOPA also takes into account the influence an independent layer of protection such as a safety backup system or operator intervention would have on the probability and severity of an initiating event, and how the reliability of these systems would change for different operating conditions 14 . The use of LOPA to estimate costs and overall economics based on risk criteria has been carried out in the past.…”

“…To this end, the concepts of the industrially accepted LOPA framework can be employed to translate operational information into probability values and economic losses. The LOPA framework was principally developed to carry out plant risk assessments due to major catastrophic events, 13 such as the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan. The attractive quality of LOPA is its ability to quantify the economic impact of an event by allowing the calculation of the probability of such an event occurring and estimating the economic consequences of such an event.…”