“…This process is the basis of processing semantic integration. Originating from philosophical categories of identity, unity, essence, and dependence, Guarino et al [16] presented a set of meta-properties, including rigid property, non-rigid property, anti-rigid property, semi-rigid property, carrier identity, and external dependence, to describe and classify the essential properties of a concept. Kavouras et al [17], focusing on the definitions of categories in geographic ontologies, proposed that semantic properties, such as purpose, location, cover, and semantic relations, such as hypernym, part of, and has part, are essential attributes in distinguishing geographic categories.…”