A Forefoot Strike Requires the Highest Forces Applied to the Foot Among Foot Strike Patterns

Hashizume, Satoru; Yanagiya, Toshio

doi:10.1055/s-0042-122017

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…1 ). Previous studies reported that a forefoot strike induced a greater negative power of the ankle joint, corresponding plantarflexion moment, and angular displacement, as compared to that of a rearfoot strike 18 23 34 . The present results suggest that runners can change the damage to muscles around the ankle joint by adapting their running technique to change the plantar flexion moment rather than the dorsiflexion angular velocity and duration of the negative power.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Previous biomechanical studies have reported that mechanical parameters are affected by factors such as the running technique, running speed, type of running shoes, shoe material, and running surface 6 18 33 35 36 . Mechanical parameters are thought to influence acute and chronic training workloads and provide important information for selecting adaptations and preventing injury 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inter-Individual Variability in The Joint Negative Work During Running

Hashizume

Hobara

Kobayashi

et al. 2018

Sports Med Int Open

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The inter-individual variability of running technique is an important factor affecting the negative work of lower extremity joints that leads to muscle damage. Our study examines the relationships between the negative work of the lower extremity joints and the associated mechanical parameters that account for inter-individual variability in the negative work. Twenty-four young male adults were asked to run on a runway at a speed of 3.0 m·s −1 . Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between the negative work and the associated mechanical parameters for each lower extremity joint. With regards to the results, 76.3% of inter-individual variability in the negative work of the hip joint was accounted for by inter-individual variabilities in the corresponding moment (25.4%) and duration (50.9%). For the knee joint, the inter-individual variabilities in the moment (40.6%), angular velocity (24.5%), and duration (23.8%) accounted for 88.9% of inter-individual variability in the negative work. The inter-individual variability in the moment of the ankle joint alone accounted for 89.3% of the inter-individual variability in the corresponding negative work. These results suggest that runners can change the negative work by adapting their running techniques to influence the relevant mechanical parameter values; however, major parameters corresponding to the change in the negative work are not the same among the lower extremity joints.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-Individual Variability in The Joint Negative Work During Running

Hashizume

Hobara

Kobayashi

et al. 2018

Sports Med Int Open

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“…where Fc and Fs represent the cut-off frequency and the sampling frequency, respectively. This equation was used in the previous studies to estimate the cut-off frequencies [3,22,44,45,50,51]. The instances of foot-contact and toe-off were identified when the value of vertical component of the GRF exceeded and fell below 20 N, respectively.…”

Section: Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some epidemiological studies showed that 20-79 % of recreational and competition runners experience running-related injuries of the lower extremities [41,42]. Previous biomechanical studies suggested that many factors, such as type of running shoes, shoe material, running surface, running technique, running distance and frequency, affect the risk of running-related injuries [7,22,27,39,46,47,48]. Furthermore, epidemiological studies reported that these factors affect the incidence of running-related injuries [1,13,40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Shoes do not Decrease the Negative Work of the Lower Extremity Joints

et al. 2017

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Different types of running shoes may have different influence on the negative work of each lower extremity joint. Clarifying this influence can reduce the potential risk of muscle injury. The present study examined the difference in the negative work and associated kinetic and kinematic parameters of the lower extremity joints between training shoes and racing flats during the contact phase of running. Participants were asked to run on a runway at a speed of 3.0 m·s for both training shoes and racing flats. The negative work and associated kinetic and kinematic parameters of each lower extremity joint were calculated. No difference was found in the negative work of the hip and ankle joints between the two types of running shoes. Meanwhile, the negative work of the knee joint was significantly greater for training shoes than for racing flats. This aspect was related to a longer duration of the negative power of the knee joint with the invariant amplitude of the negative power, moment, and angular velocity. These results suggest a higher potential risk of muscle injury around the knee joint for training shoes than for racing flats.

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“…5,13 In addition, it has been reported that FFS running produces greater GRF due to the longer GRF moment arm than RFS running. 25 In addition to greater GRF, we observed higher fascicle and SEE force in the FFS than the RFS. While FFS running, runners may be required to generate higher GM muscular force to support and move their body forward.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Muscle–Tendon Behavior and Kinetics in Gastrocnemius Medialis During Forefoot and Rearfoot Strike Running

Takeshita

Noro

Hata

et al. 2021

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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The present study aimed to clarify the effect of the foot strike pattern on muscle–tendon behavior and kinetics of the gastrocnemius medialis during treadmill running. Seven male participants ran with 2 different foot strike patterns (forefoot strike [FFS] and rearfoot strike [RFS]), with a step frequency of 2.50 Hz and at a speed of 2.38 m/s for 45 seconds on a treadmill with an instrumented force platform. The fascicle behavior of gastrocnemius medialis was captured using a B-mode ultrasound system with a sampling rate of 75 Hz, and the mechanical work done and power exerted by the fascicle and tendon were calculated. At the initial contact, the fascicle length was significantly shorter in the FFS than in the RFS (P = .001). However, the fascicular velocity did not differ between strike patterns. Higher tendon stretch and recoil were observed in the FFS (P < .001 and P = .017, respectively) compared with the RFS. The fascicle in the positive phase performed the same mechanical work in both the FFS and RFS; however, the fascicle in the negative phase performed significantly greater work in the FFS than in the RFS (P = .001). RFS may be advantageous for requiring less muscular work and elastic energy in the series elastic element compared with the FFS.

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A Forefoot Strike Requires the Highest Forces Applied to the Foot Among Foot Strike Patterns

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Inter-Individual Variability in The Joint Negative Work During Running

Inter-Individual Variability in The Joint Negative Work During Running

Training Shoes do not Decrease the Negative Work of the Lower Extremity Joints

Muscle–Tendon Behavior and Kinetics in Gastrocnemius Medialis During Forefoot and Rearfoot Strike Running

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