A foot and footwear mechanical power theoretical framework: Towards understanding energy storage and return in running footwear

Matijevich, Emily; Honert, Eric C.; Yang, Fan; Lam, Gilbert N.; Nigg, Benno M.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111217

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In addition, muscle use during running could be influenced by participants’ running techniques [ 67 , 68 ] and running experience [ 69 ]. Thus, deviations from other factors could affect the magnitude of effect size, and changing the insoles only makes small to moderate differences [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, more rigid and stiffer insoles demand more muscle work to absorb impact or provide greater propulsive force to push it, which could result in muscular fatigue and wearing discomfort [ 1 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Additionally, advanced footwear with a full-length stiff plate embedded showed a greater increase in positive work, which implies increased positive work from active foot muscle contractions [ 19 ]. The point of the force application was also affected by the increased footwear stiffness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort

Xiong

2023

Sensors

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Carbon fiber insole (CFI), which is lightweight and stiff to reduce energy loss and help wearers perform better in sports, has recently been introduced. However, reports are scarce on the effects of CFI on sports performance, muscle activation, and wearing comfort. This study investigated the acute effects of CFI on sports performance, lower extremity muscle activity, and subjective comfort. Thirty young healthy males with shoe sizes between 260 and 270 mm performed various sports tasks (power generation, agility, and speed) and treadmill runs with wearable sensors under two experimental insole conditions (benchmark insole as a baseline, CFI). The results showed that, compared to the benchmark insole, CFI significantly improved sports performance in terms of power generation (~1.5%) and agility (~1%). However, it activated more of the Tibialis Anterior (~0.7%) and Gastrocnemius Medialis (~0.8%) muscles, and was perceived to be stiffer and less comfortable. These findings suggested that CFI could improve sports performance, but could cause more lower extremity muscle activation and subjective discomfort.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort

Xiong

2023

Sensors

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“…During the midsole deformation, the mechanical work is stored to then being restored with a certain percentage of loss (∼13% in the midsole material of the shoe models used) (19). To enhance running performance, in addition to the returned magnitude, the stored and restored mechanical work of the midsole must be timed to the mid and propulsive stance phases (25). Minimal shoe models with a reduced stack height have shown an incorrect timing compared with the current advanced shoe models in addition to the different magnitudes (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To enhance running performance, in addition to the returned magnitude, the stored and restored mechanical work of the midsole must be timed to the mid and propulsive stance phases (25). Minimal shoe models with a reduced stack height have shown an incorrect timing compared with the current advanced shoe models in addition to the different magnitudes (25). Despite the footwear's mechanical properties not being measured in the present study, athletes did not perceive any difference in comfort between the track spikes and the marathon shoe models of 20 and 40 mm stack heights, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the World Athletics Stack Height Regulation on Track Running Performance

Ruiz-Alias,

Pérez-Castilla,

Soto-Hermoso

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Ruiz-Alias, SA, Pérez-Castilla, A, Soto-Hermoso, VM, and García-Pinillos, F. Influence of the world athletics stack height regulation on track running performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2260–2266, 2023—A new footwear regulation based on limiting the stack height (i.e., amount of material between the feet and the ground) has been established by World Athletics to ensure that performance is achieved through the primacy of human effort over technology in running shoes. Analyzing the effect of legal and illegal shoes on running performance is therefore needed to determine its effectiveness. Thus, this study aimed (a) to compare the effect of 2 footwear models categorized as legal and illegal by the World Athletics regulation on track running performance and (b) to analyze the derived metrics of the athletes' biomechanics when using each footwear model at racing paces. Within 1 week, 14 highly trained athletes performed 2 testing sessions composed of 2 time trials of 9- and 3-minute duration with 30 minutes of recovery between them. The athletes wore the “Nike ZoomX Dragonfly” track spikes model and the “Nike ZoomX Vaporfly Next % 2” marathon shoe model in a counterbalanced randomized order. The results revealed that (a) there was only a small worthwhile improvement in the 3-minute time trial when using the marathon shoes of 0.97% (−0.04 to 1.98%) and (b) there was a main effect of footwear in 7 of the 9 biomechanical variables analyzed (p ≤ 0.050). The ground contact time was the unique performance predictor (p = 0.005, adjusted R 2 = 0.476). Altogether, the use of legal and illegal running shoes altered the runners form, which only influenced the mid-distance performance.

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“…However, more rigid and stiffer insoles demand more muscle work to absorb the impact or provide greater propulsive force to push it, which could result in muscular fatigue and wearing discomfort [21][22][23][24][25]. Additionally, the advanced footwear with a full-length stiff plate embedded showed a greater increase in positive work, which implies increased positive work from active foot muscle contractions [26]. The point of the force application was also affected by the increased footwear stiffness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort

Ko¹,

Ma²,

Xiong³

2022

Preprint

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Carbon fiber insole (CFI), which is lightweight and stiff to reduce energy loss and help wearers perform better in sports, has recently been introduced. However, there are scarce reports on the effects of CFI on sports performance, muscle fatigue and wearing comfort. This study investigat-ed the short-term effects of CFI on sports performance, lower extremity muscle activity, and sub-jective comfort. Thirty young healthy males performed various sports tasks and treadmill runs with wearable sensors under two experimental insole conditions (benchmark insole as a baseline, CFI). The results showed that compared to the benchmark insole, CFI significantly improved sports performance in terms of power generation and agility. However, it activated more of the Tibialis Anterior and Gastrocnemius Medialis muscles and was perceived stiffer, and less com-fortable. These findings suggested that CFI can improve sports performance, but it could cause more lower extremity muscle fatigue and subjective discomfort.

show abstract

A foot and footwear mechanical power theoretical framework: Towards understanding energy storage and return in running footwear

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort

Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort

Influence of the World Athletics Stack Height Regulation on Track Running Performance

Short-Term Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort

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