A Fluorimetric Method Based on Changes in Membrane Potential for Screening Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels

First direct fluorescence polarization assay for the detection and quantification of spirolides in mussel samples

“…Moreover, there is growing resistance against the use of animal experiments. For these reasons, many efforts have been made to determine algal toxins with alternative methods to bioassay [29][30][31][32][33]. Although the mechanism of action of spirolides in cells is not yet well understood, experimental evidence suggest that spirolides might act through nAChRs [21,23,34,35].…”

Effects of a Synthetic Analog of Polycavernoside A on Human Neuroblastoma Cells

“…Our aim was to test the analog 5 of this toxin on human neuroblastoma cells, in order to detect any change in the membrane potential by using the sensitive dye bis-oxonol, which has been previously used for this kind of assays [15][16][17]. Bis-oxonol does not enter the mitochondria because of its negative charge, so the changes only refer to membrane potential [18].…”

Functional assays in marine biotoxin detection

“…Functional assays based on the detection of changes in membrane potential induced by neurotoxins have been also developed using intact neuroblastoma cells (Louzao et al, 2001(Louzao et al, , 2004. In these latter cases, the changes in membrane potential induced by the toxins could be detected by the cellular fluorescence due to the dye bis-oxonol, whose uptake into the cells is dependent on their membrane potential.…”