“…In catchments with many tributaries, TWMCs by passive samplers can provide important synoptic insights for risk assessments and spatial targeting of mitigation measures in the same way that those based on grab-sampling do ( Morton et al, 2021 ). However, FWMCs provide equally important catchment insights into pollution flux dynamics over the longer term and particularly where those pollutants have a flow dependency for mobilisation ( Cassidy et al, 2018 ; Ouyang, 2021 ). Assessments of each should be equally valid for ‘state’ and ‘impact’ monitoring requirements.…”