A flammability study of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) used with hemp/epoxy composites

Basnayake, Asanka P.; Hidalgo, Juan P.; Heitzmann, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124540

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The results reveal that surface modification of HA can not only improve the extent of dispersion in the polymer matrix but also help increase the degree of interface adhesion between HA and the polymer matrix. 13,14 However, there is no enhancement effect of HA, and the process of surface modification alone cannot fundamentally address the issue of degraded mechanical properties of polymer composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controllable fabrication of a hybrid containing dodecyl dihydrogen phosphate modified magnesium borate whisker/hydrated alumina for enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

et al. 2022

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controllable fabrication of a hybrid containing dodecyl dihydrogen phosphate modified magnesium borate whisker/hydrated alumina for enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

et al. 2022

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“…The oxide layer prevents low molecular weight breakdown products and acts as a heat barrier to protect the polymer from further disintegration. When the ATH was added to the mixture, the temperature that was developed did not reach 200 o C like the researchers did in [19,29]. As a result, the mechanism that was investigated in [19,29] does not apply to the work that was done here.…”

Section: Maximum Temperature and Polymerization Timementioning

confidence: 84%

“…When the ATH was added to the mixture, the temperature that was developed did not reach 200 o C like the researchers did in [19,29]. As a result, the mechanism that was investigated in [19,29] does not apply to the work that was done here.…”

Section: Maximum Temperature and Polymerization Timementioning

confidence: 84%

“…This allows the release of the exothermic heat emitted during the polymerization. Researchers in [19,31] explored the mechanism of how ATH used a flame retardant. Equation (4) depicts the ATH-loaded polymer fire process [31].…”

Section: Maximum Temperature and Polymerization Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, several in-depth studies [14,15,16,17,18] have been carried out on the fire resistance of polymers loaded with ATH, which increases with the level of ATH in the polymer. These studies addressed the effect of ATH on ignition time [19], rate of heat release [20], and smoke and toxic gas production [21]. The effects of ATH fillers on the mechanical performance of polymer matrix composites have also been studied by several researchers [22,23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling of the effect of ATH fillers on the rheology, curing kinetics, and flexural properties of the epoxy resin forming the hydraulic turbines' stay vanes extension

Ouadday

Boukhili

Vadean

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Epoxy resins are essential for the manufacturing of GFRP/XPS foam sandwich structures used for hydraulic turbine extension stay vanes. Their properties during and after curing are key factors for the performance of the entire hybrid composite structure. This paper introduces experimental characterization and modeling of the influence of the quantity and size of ATH fillers on the curing and post-curing characteristics of the epoxy resin. The experimental investigation involves the maximum temperature, polymerization time, shrinkage, viscosity, and flexural properties. The mass fractions of the ATH were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60%, and the particle sizes were 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 µm. In addition, we utilized the multivariate polynomial regression (MPR) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods to develop empirical models to predict the maximum temperature, polymerization time, shrinkage, and flexural modulus. The experimental results showed that increasing ATH mass fraction with smaller particle size delayed polymerization and lowered the maximum temperature. The experimental viscosity values showed that Mooney model can accurately calculate viscosity as a function of ATH mass fraction and particle size, compared to the Quemada and Krieger-Dougherty models. Adding ATH increased flexural strength, modulus, and breakage strain. The developed models achieved a higher than 0.9 correlation coefficient between the predicted and measured responses and can be used to enhance the design and control the casting of the proposed sandwich structures.

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Flame retardant, mechanical, and hot air aging properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/ammonium polyphosphate/nano‐silic composite rubber

Shi,

Yang,

Yang

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this work, effect of the ratio of nonhalogenated flame retardants (ammonium polyphosphate [APP] and nano‐silica [nano‐SiO2]) on the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) composite rubber were investigated. Vulcanization characteristics, high temperature compression permanent deformation, thermal oxygen aging, dynamic thermodynamic analysis, thermal stability, cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), horizontal vertical combustion (UL‐94), and scanning electron microscopy were carried out. The experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of the composite rubber decreased with the addition of APP. However, the addition of nano‐SiO2 was found to significantly improve the mechanical properties of the composite rubber when it was incorporated. In terms of flame retardant properties of EPDM composite rubber, the combination of APP and nano‐SiO2 has a synergistic flame retardant effect in comparison to the use of single APP flame retardant. The heat release rate of EPDM composite rubber decreased by 34%, the total heat release decreased by 19%, the LOI increased by 76%, and the flame retardant grade of EPDM composite rubber reached V‐0. The EPDM composite rubber fabricated in the present study showed excellent fire resistance and desirable mechanical properties, which are of practical significance for further expanding the application ranges of EPDM rubbers.

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A flammability study of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) used with hemp/epoxy composites

Cited by 12 publications

References 21 publications

Controllable fabrication of a hybrid containing dodecyl dihydrogen phosphate modified magnesium borate whisker/hydrated alumina for enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Controllable fabrication of a hybrid containing dodecyl dihydrogen phosphate modified magnesium borate whisker/hydrated alumina for enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Modelling of the effect of ATH fillers on the rheology, curing kinetics, and flexural properties of the epoxy resin forming the hydraulic turbines' stay vanes extension

Flame retardant, mechanical, and hot air aging properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/ammonium polyphosphate/nano‐silic composite rubber

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