A five-year evaluation of NORPLANT® II implants in China

Gu, Song; Du, Ming; Zhang, Linde; Liu, Yinglin; Wang, Suhua; Sivin, Irving

doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90078-7

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Well-known studies include a series of studies on IUD (including its effectiveness, safety, and prevention/treatment of side effects or complications) [9][10][11], the introduction of subdermal implants [12,13] and medical abortions [14,15], etc. Over the past decade, operational research was also applied to research on service delivery.…”

Section: Research Support Technical Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family planning technical services in China

2010

Front. Med. China

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Family planning is a basic state policy in China. Its aim is to control population growth and to enhance population quality. Technical services are the key measures for implementing the family planning policy. In order to ensure that people use safe, effective, and appropriate contraceptive methods based on the government's commitment, China has established countrywide family planning service networks down to the township level. The people can access various and convenient contraceptive services. In urban areas, all contraceptive services are free. The contraceptive prevalence rate in 2007 was 84.6%, the percentage of intrauterine device (IUD) was 52.3%, that of female sterilization was 32.3%, and that of vasectomy was 6.1%. This means that more than 90% of married childbearing couples were using long-term contraceptives. At the same time, the government gives priority to supporting research on contraceptive technology. Studies' results have provided scientific evidence for development, introduction, and expansion of contraceptive methods, and also for establishment and revision of the technical guidelines. Great efforts have been made in promoting "human-oriented and client-centered" services during the recent ten years. Remarkable success has been achieved in improving the quality of technical services.

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Section: Research Support Technical Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family planning technical services in China

2010

Front. Med. China

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“…Women with higher body weight (>70 kg) have lower progestin levels than smaller women, 33,46 and lower efficacy has been found among heavier women who use Norplant and Jadelle. 4,44,47,48 Even in heavy women, however, annual pregnancy rates are less than 1%. 48 Serum progestin levels were also lower in heavier women using Implanon, but as there were no failures, differences in efficacy were not detected.…”

Section: High Contraceptive Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 Given that Norplant is clearly effective beyond its FDA-approved 5-year duration, it is not surprising that in comparative clinical trials, the 5-year pregnancy rates and side effects were equal to the six-capsule Norplant. 7,8 The cumulative 5-year pregnancy rate per 100 woman-years with Jadelle was between 0.8 and 1.0, 9,10 which, as with Norplant, averages to less than 0.2 per year. Implanon (Organon, Oss, Netherlands) is a single subdermal implant that contains the progestin etonogestrel (3-ketodesogestrel), a desogestrel metabo-lite that has less androgenic and more progestational activity than levonorgestrel.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implant Contraception

Meckstroth¹,

Darney²

2001

Semin Reprod Med

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The experience of 6 million Norplant users has led to several more advanced implants. Implanon is a single-rod implant system containing a low androgenic progestin and requires 1 to 2 minutes for insertion and removal. Like other implants, Implanon prevents pregnancy by changing the character of the cervical mucus and interfering with luteal function. Unlike Norplant, though, Implanon is designed to prevent ovulation for the full duration of use. Implant contraception has several advantages over other types of contraception including high efficacy, minimal required maintenance, absence of estrogen, and rapid return of fertility after discontinuation. Implants can be a good choice for adolescents; women with hypertension, diabetes, anemia, endometriosis, or other medical problems; and women who are breast-feeding. Irregular bleeding is the most common adverse effect of implants and can be treated with several medication regimens. Preinsertion counseling, however, is the most important factor in ensuring satisfaction with implants. Unfortunately, no implant system is currently available in the United States since August 2000, but Implanon is expected to reach the U.S. market within the next 2 years.

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“…The Norplant R system is an effective, long-acting, reversible, progestogen-only method, which is gaining worldwide acceptance (Adetunji and Landry, 1992;Gu et al, 1994;Chetri et al, 1996;Ruminjo et al, 1996). The implants are likely to suit women of all ages who do not want to become pregnant for several years, women who want no more children, but do not want or cannot obtain sterilisation and women who want the effectiveness of a hormonal method without the side effects of oestrogen (WHO, 1985;McCauley et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of menstrual and haematological parameters, after 36 months of Norplant^Rcontraception

Aisien

Sagay

Imade

et al. 2002

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

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This ongoing prospective longitudinal study involved 23 women who had complete records, of 37 healthy non-breastfeeding informed volunteers recruited from our family planning clinic since August 1997 to the Norplant training programme. Packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) concentration (total and differential and platelet concentration were analysed at pretreatment and at 12, 24 and 36 months' followup. Statistical analysis was with paired t-tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Each acceptor received a menstrual calendar to document all events of bleeding. The mean PCV was 40.5 +/- 2.4% at pretreatment. This rose to a statistically significant (P < 0.001) mean value of 44.9 +/- 4.4% at 36 months. The mean WBC concentration at pretreatment was 5552 +/- 1423 per mm3 which declined statistically (P < 0.001) to a mean value of 4400 +/- 1281 per mm3 at 12 months without any further significant changes at 24 months (P > 0.6; 4143 +/- 1301 per mm3 and at 36 months (P > 0.9; 4070 +/- 875 per mm3). At 24 months of study the mean concentration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes eosinophils and basophils did not change significantly from their respective mean concentrations at 12 months. These insignificant changes were also manifested at 36 months of study in the lymphocytes (P > 0.2), eosinophils (P > 0.5) and basophils (P > 0.2), even though there was a significant decrease in the neutrophils (P < 0.05) with a corresponding significant increase (P < 0.001) in the monocyte concentration. However, there was still a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the WBC at 36 months of study compared with the mean preinsertion value, which was manifested mainly in the neutrophil concentration (1403 +/- 517 per mm3 (P < 0.001). The mean value of platelet count (136260 +/- 27664 per mm3) at 24 months showed no significant change compared with the 12 months value (126174 +/- 37977 per mm3). The value at 36 months (125391 +/- 18858 per mm3), however, still showed a significant decline over the pretreatment mean concentration (208043 +/- 27250 per mm3). None of the acceptors had thrombocytopenia at 24 and 36 months. At 2 years and 3 years of studies 60.9% and 47.8% of Norplant users reported irregular bleeding patterns, mainly of reduced episodes. The continuation rate at 36 months was 100%. Women using the Norplant implant are at an advantage, because in spite of the variable aberrations in their menstrual pattern, the packed cell volume increased. The changes ob-served in the white cell and the platelet concentrations did not lead to adverse effects.

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A five-year evaluation of NORPLANT® II implants in China

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Family planning technical services in China

Family planning technical services in China

Implant Contraception

Evaluation of menstrual and haematological parameters, after 36 months of Norplant^Rcontraception

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A five-year evaluation of NORPLANT® II implants in China

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Family planning technical services in China

Family planning technical services in China

Implant Contraception

Evaluation of menstrual and haematological parameters, after 36 months of NorplantRcontraception

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Product

Resources

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Evaluation of menstrual and haematological parameters, after 36 months of Norplant^Rcontraception