A fit-for-purpose copper speciation method for the determination of exchangeable copper relevant to Wilson’s disease

Review about Powerful Combinations of Advanced and Hyphenated Sample Introduction Techniques with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Elucidating Trace Element Species in Pathologic Conditions on a Molecular Level

“…Most recently, del Castillo Busto introduced another AEC-ICP-MS method for copper speciation with determination of exchangeable copper being relevant to Wilson’s disease. The specialty of this approach is the use of isotope dilution mass spectrometry as means for quality control and the high quantitative accuracy [ 101 ]. The methodology is characterized in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, precision, and robustness.…”

“…Specifically, the recently published methods using AEC-ICP-MS or CEC-ICP-MS [ 18 , 100 , 101 ] provide fast analysis time per sample, good accuracy, and acceptable or very good discrimination between the relevant Cu species, and are ready for routine use in clinical practice.…”

Speciation of copper in human serum using conjoint liquid chromatography on short-bed monolithic disks with UV and post column ID-ICP-MS detection

“…The main advantage of the newly developed CLC-ID-ICP-MS method, which combines immunoaffinity and anion-exchange chromatography, over previously reported ones, is its simplicity and ability to perform rapid 2D separation (16 min) and reliable quantication of the Cu species (Cu-Cp, Cu-HSA and Cu-LMM) in human serum in a single chromatographic run. Other researchers reported the determination of Cu-Cp only, applying 2D separation in two chromatographic runs, 30 and the determination of Cu-Cp and Cu-HSA on anion-exchange chromatographic columns 26,28 or exchangeable Cu in human serum. 25…”

“…The bound Cu, which had no interaction with the column, was eluted with a solvent front, while the exchangeable Cu was separated after about 2.8 min. del Castillo Busto et al 26 used a strong anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography column MonoQ for the selective separation of Cu-HSA and Cu-Cp in human serum. The separated Cu species were determined by species-specific isotope dilution (ID)-ICP-MS. Based on Cu-HSA concentrations, the developed method made it possible to discriminate between healthy individuals and patients with Wilson's disease.…”

Cu fractionation, isotopic analysis, and data processing via machine learning: new approaches for the diagnosis and follow up of Wilson's disease via ICP-MS

“…It has to be also mentioned that fractionation approaches based on ultraltration are very simple ones, and that other articles using liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have revealed the more complex nature of the different Cu species present in serum [29][30][31] and the need to keep the ultraltration conditions under strict maintenance to maintain the specicity of the CuEXC value. 30 This line of work (species fractionation) can also be further reinforced with isotopic analysis, in order to ascertain if some particular fraction contains more specic information to diagnose and follow up the disease.…”