A first report on the microbial colonisation of the equine oesophagus

Meyer, Wilfried; Kacza, Johannes; Schnapper, Anke; Verspohl, Jutta; Hornickel, Isabelle Nina; Seeger, Johannes

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2009.10.004

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…bacteria may also be the members of natural microflora of the esophagus [84] and the skin of horses, although they were also isolated from wounds [152]. However, the wound isolates displayed strong adherence and significantly stronger attachment than skin isolates proving enhanced virulence of pathogenic strains, as compared to normal skin isolates.…”

Section: Proteus Spp In Animals—adverse and Friendlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments

2016

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Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus hauseri, and three unnamed genomospecies 4, 5, and 6 and consists of 80 O-antigenic serogroups. The bacteria are known to be human opportunistic pathogens, isolated from urine, wounds, and other clinical sources. It is postulated that intestines are a reservoir of these proteolytic organisms. Many wild and domestic animals may be hosts of Proteus spp. bacteria, which are commonly known to play a role of parasites or commensals. However, interesting examples of their symbiotic relationships with higher organisms have also been described. Proteus spp. bacteria present in soil or water habitats are often regarded as indicators of fecal pollution, posing a threat of poisoning when the contaminated water or seafood is consumed. The health risk may also be connected with drug-resistant strains sourcing from intestines. Positive aspects of the bacteria presence in water and soil are connected with exceptional features displayed by autochthonic Proteus spp. strains detected in these environments. These rods acquire various metabolic abilities allowing their adaptation to different environmental conditions, such as high concentrations of heavy metals or toxic substances, which may be exploited as sources of energy and nutrition by the bacteria. The Proteus spp. abilities to tolerate or utilize polluting compounds as well as promote plant growth provide a possibility of employing these microorganisms in bioremediation and environmental protection.

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Section: Proteus Spp In Animals—adverse and Friendlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments

2016

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“…The latter aspect is especially important realizing that the surface of the esophagus epithelium is characterized by a dense cover of microorganisms. 1,2 Concerning the loss of mitochondria in the equine corneal cells, new findings have confirmed that in mammalian systems degradation of mitochondria via autophagy (mitophagy) not only takes place in response of damaged mitochondria but also may play a critical role in pathophysiological responses associated with cellular stress (see above) (review by Goldman et al 20 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…). Regarding the mainly negative results obtained for any presence of different substances of innate immunity in the equine corneal cells, 2 the finding of intracellular and/or exocytotic vesicles in these cells may rather be related to a constant production of complex glycoconjugates 1 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this interesting histological system is normally confronted with a number of challenges, such as mechanical stress from heterogeneous nutrition types, toxic food components and, particularly, microorganisms during the transfer of food. 1,2 In view of the fact that such incrementing influences result in the necessity of a fast and continuously responding innate immune defence, as shown previously for domesticated mammals, constantly high energy demands can be expected to maintaining a first line of defence mechanisms (with e.g., pathogen recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, or cationic antimicrobial peptides with defensins and cathelicidins) of the innate immune system, contributing also to a microbial homeostasis on the surface of the esophageal epithelium 2 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunolocalization of succinate dehydrogenase in the esophagus epithelium of domesticated mammals

et al. 2013

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Using immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the esophagus epithelia of seven domesticated mammals (horse, cattle, goat, pig, dog, laboratory rat, cat) of three nutrition groups (herbivorous, omnivorous, carnivorous) were studied to get first information about energy generation, as demonstrated by succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities. Distinct reaction intensities could be observed in all esophageal cell layers of the different species studied reflecting moderate to strong metabolic activities. The generally strong staining in the stratum basale indicated that new cells are continuously produced. The latter feature was confirmed by a thick, and in the horse generally highly active stratum spinosum. Only in the pig, reaction intensity variations occurred, obviously related to differences in physical feed quality or restricted feed allocation. The immunohistochemical results were corroborated by the presence of intact mitochondria in the esophageal cells of all species and nutrition types studied, except for the horse. Possible relationships between SDH reaction intensities and feed structure, mass or consistency are discussed.

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“…The histopathology of 1 untreated and six treated mares and the resulting abortions, euthanized foetuses, or compromised foals were examined in these studies to determine the effect of oral exposure to processionary caterpillars. The treated mares were selected from the two experiments involving whole caterpillars and euthanized on sequential days of 2,4,8,10,12, and 24 from the first treatment. The euthanized foetuses, abortions, stillborn and compromised foals resulting from all three experiments were also examined.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pathology of equine amnionitis and foetal lLoss: clinical and experimental studies

Todhunter¹

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Detailed experience in identifying the appearance of setal fragments which is highlighted under toluidine blue staining allowed in depth examination of tissues from equine abortions submitted for examination in 2012. Five cases were found in which a caterpillar setal fragment was found in the allantochorion confirming that setal fragments migrate from field exposure as well as experimental exposure to processionary caterpillars.The experiments in this thesis have shown histologically for the first time, the ability of Processionary caterpillar setae to penetrate the maternal gut wall and migrate directly into the uterus and placental tissues. This is considered to be the most likely means of translocation of bacteria to the foetal membranes. The direct, rapid migration of setae in as little as two days from ingestion from the gut to the placenta facilitates bacterial infection.Bacteria present in the mare's gut likely attach to migrating setal fragments and translocate through the gut wall, the uterus and the foetal membranes in which they subsequently colonize. Incomplete migration of setal fragments may account for the focal mucoid placentitis induced when mares were exposed in early gestation. Bacterial colonization of 5 the foetal membranes and/or foetus may cause foetal compromise or death and eventual abortion.The variety of manifestations of EAFL due to the migration of setal fragments ranging from acute abortion, chronic active placentitis, stillbirth, compromised preterm and full term foals, and focal mucoid placentitis have a significant impact on the breeding of horses and ultimately the racing industry in Australia.6

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A first report on the microbial colonisation of the equine oesophagus

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments

Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments

Immunolocalization of succinate dehydrogenase in the esophagus epithelium of domesticated mammals

Pathology of equine amnionitis and foetal lLoss: clinical and experimental studies

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