A first-choice combined oral contraceptive influences general well-being in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Zethraeus, Niklas; Dreber, Anna; Ranehill, Eva; Blomberg, Liselott; Labrie, Fernand; Schoultz, Bo von; Johannesson, Magnus; Hirschberg, Angelica Lindén

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.02.120

Cited by 71 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In a recent paper based on the same clinical trial as here, we found evidence of negative effects of this OC on general well-being (Zethraeus et al 2017), and on sexual well-being for some of our secondary outcome measures but not our primary outcome measure (Zethraeus et al 2016). Thus, even though this OC does not appear to affect economic preferences, there is evidence of other effects of this OC using the same setup as here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Hormonal Contraceptives Do Not Impact Economic Preferences: Evidence from a Randomized Trial

et al. 2018

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Abstract. A growing body of correlational studies suggests that sex hormones such as those contained in, or affected by, oral contraceptives (OCs) may impact economic behavior. However, despite widespread use of OCs among women in Western countries, little is known about their potential behavioral effects. The present study investigates whether OCs causally influence economic preferences. We randomly allocate 340 women aged 18-35 to three months of a widely used OC or placebo treatment. At the end of treatment, we conduct an economic experiment measuring altruism, financial risk taking, and willingness to compete. The statistical power is 80% to detect an effect size equal to a Cohen's d of 0.30 at the 5% level. We find no significant effects of OCs on any of the measured preferences, indicating that this widely used OC treatment, commonly used throughout the world, does not significantly affect the measured economic preferences. Further, we find no relation between menstrual cycle phase and economic preferences in the placebo group.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Hormonal Contraceptives Do Not Impact Economic Preferences: Evidence from a Randomized Trial

et al. 2018

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“…One RCT among women who were sterilised or whose partners were sterilised taking a COC, POP or placebo found no difference in depressive symptoms by the third month of treatment 324. A recent large, double-blind RCT325 randomised 340 women in Sweden to a standard 30 μg EE/LNG COC or placebo taken for 21 days with a 7-day pill-free interval for three cycles.…”

Section: Side Effects Associated With Chc Usementioning

confidence: 99%

FSRH Guideline (January 2019, amended October 2023) Combined Hormonal Contraception

2019

BMJ Sex Reprod Health

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“…It seems necessary, therefore, to determine as to whether it is ethically and medically correct to call a device safe if it has the potential of affecting adversely a woman's health. As the term "safe" is used nonchalantly in some instances, it must be suggested that future research investigate not only singular adverse events in the use of contraceptive methods but integrate these events into the larger context of quality of life [13]. For this purpose, a common terminology criteria for adverse events could be formulated following the instruments developed by the National Cancer Institue [14].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ranking shows "tubal sterilization" (Pearl index 0.09-0.4) together with "depot-gestagens" (Pearl index 0.03-0.9), as the most efficacious, followed by "monophasic combined pill" (0.1-1.0), "oral hormonal sequential contraceptives" (0.2-1.4), "minipill" (1), "intrauterine pessary" (0.14-2) and the symptothermal method (0.8) [4]. Concerning the other natural family planning methods, "basal temperature" (Pearl index of 1-3) seems comparable to "diaphragm and spermicide" (Pearl index 2-4) or "condom" (4-5), while "cervical mucus" (15-32) and "calendar" (15-40) roughly approximate the efficacy of "chemical spermicides" (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) …”

Section: Tables Surveys and Ratings Of Contraceptive Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal Chemistry as Foundation for Contraception, Birth Control, Family Planning and Fertility

Kraetschmer¹

2017

Med chem

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Contraception plays a pivotal role in birth control and family planning and thus affects millions of women not only in the U.S. but also world-wide. Efforts are made in the U.S. to reduce the percentage of unwanted pregnancies, i.e., 49%, which compares unfavorably with Western Europe's percentage of 34% [1,2]. Despite a vast and steadily-increasing literature on the issues of family planning and birth control, several questions are still awaiting clarification, especially with regard to medicinal chemistry, i.e., effects of chemical substances on human endocrinology. The following analysis aims at identifying problem areas in contemporary research and draws attention to flawed data in scholarly publications. Hormones: Endocrinology and ChemistryThe menstrual cycle of the female reproductive system is primarily under the control of the hypothalamic Gonadotropin Releasing Hormon (GnRH) and the hormons released by the anterior pituitary, i.e., Luteinizing Hormon (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormon (FH). The uterine cycle is divided into a proliferative phase and a secretory or luteal phase. The proliferative phase, also called preovulatory or follicular, is under the influence of estrogens stemming from the developing follicle and lasts from the 5th to the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. The secretory phase is under the influence of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum and lasts from the 15th day to the 28th day. Late in the luteal phase the anterior pituitary and the endometrium produce prolaktin, whose function is not fully understood. The ovarian steroids like cholesterol, bile acids, and vitaminD contain the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. Figures 1 and 2 shows the biosynthesis and metabolism of estrogens as well as the precursor steroids Cholesterol and Pregnenolone. Ovarian Hormones: 17beta-estradiol, estrone, and estriol.The naturally occurring estrogens secreted by the theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the corpus luteum, and the placenta are the following C 18 steroids: 17beta-estradiol, estrone, and estriol. These steroids do not have an angular methyl group attached to the 10 position or a Delta -3-keto configuration in the A ring [3,4].In the biosynthetic pathway they are formed from androgens, but they are also formed in the circulation by aromatization of androstenedione. The enzyme aromatase catalyzes both, the conversion of androstenedione to estrone and the conversion of testosterone to 17beta-estradiol (E2) [2]. 17beta-estradiol (E2), the major secreted estrogen, is in equilibrium in the circulation with estrone. Estrone ist metabolized to estriol, probably primarily in the liver. Estradiol is the most potent and estriol the least potent of the three estrogens.Estrogens: secretion and metabolism. The concentration of estradiol in the plasma during the menstrual cycle varies and reaches a first peak of approximately 200 pg/mL around day 13, i.e., just before ovulation, and a second peak of about 110 pg/mL around day 19-22, i.e., during the m...

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A first-choice combined oral contraceptive influences general well-being in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract: This study demonstrates a statistically significant reduction in general well-being by a first-choice OC in comparison with placebo in healthy women. We found no statistically significant effects on depressive symptoms. A reduction in general well-being should be of clinical importance.

Cited by 71 publications

References 32 publications

Hormonal Contraceptives Do Not Impact Economic Preferences: Evidence from a Randomized Trial

Hormonal Contraceptives Do Not Impact Economic Preferences: Evidence from a Randomized Trial

FSRH Guideline (January 2019, amended October 2023) Combined Hormonal Contraception

Medicinal Chemistry as Foundation for Contraception, Birth Control, Family Planning and Fertility

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