A Finite-Difference Time-Domain Model for Quantum-Dot Lasers and Amplifiers in the Maxwell–Schrödinger Framework

Capua, Amir; Karni, Ouri; Eisenstein, G.

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2012.2237014

Cited by 31 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The present model extends our previous models of coherent light-matter interactions 2,4 . The electromagnetic field is assumed to propagate as a TEM mode along the Z-axis of the amplifier, which is modeled in turn as a cascade of ensembles of quantummechanical two-level systems, expressing the inhomogeneous spectral broadening of the self-assembled QD medium.…”

Section: Numerical Modelsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Nonlinear pulse propagation in InAs/InP quantum dot optical amplifiers: Rabi oscillations in the presence of nonresonant nonlinearities

et al. 2015

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We study the interplay between coherent light-matter interactions and non-resonant pulse propagation effects when ultra-short pulses propagate in room-temperature quantum-dot (QD) semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). The signatures observed on a pulse envelope after propagating in a transparent SOA, when coherent Rabioscillations are absent, highlight the contribution of two-photon absorption (TPA), and its accompanying Kerr-like effect, as well as of linear dispersion, to the modification of the pulse complex electric field profile. These effects are incorporated into our previously developed finite-difference time-domain comprehensive model that describes the interaction between the pulses and the QD SOA. The present, generalized, model is used to investigate the combined effect of coherent and nonresonant phenomena in the gain and absorption regimes of the QD SOA. It confirms that in the QD SOA we examined, linear dispersion in the presence of the Kerr-like effect causes pulse compression, which counteracts the pulse peak suppression due to TPA, and also modifies the patterns which the coherent Rabi-oscillations imprint on the pulse envelope under both gain and absorption conditions. The inclusion of these effects leads to a better fit with experiments and to a better understanding of the interplay among the various mechanisms so as to be able to better analyze more complex future experiments of coherent light-matter interaction induced by short pulses propagating along an SOA.

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Section: Numerical Modelsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The polarization contributed by the two-level systems is calculated from the coherence terms in their density matrices 4 . The dynamic behavior is obtained from the dynamics of Schrödinger's equation.…”

Section: Is the Speed Of Light In Vacuum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear pulse propagation in InAs/InP quantum dot optical amplifiers: Rabi oscillations in the presence of nonresonant nonlinearities

et al. 2015

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“…19), which otherwise would have been spread randomly over a 2p range. Once the quantum phases of the ensembles are aligned and well defined, time-keeping becomes possible so that the arrival time of the probe pulse plays a role in determining the outcome of the interaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model calculates the coevolution of the electromagnetic field and the electronic wavefunctions along the propagation axis according to the coupled Maxwell and Schrödinger equations for every time iteration using the density matrix formalism (see ref. 19). A key aspect of the model is the inclusion of the carrier density dependence of the refractive index.…”

Section: X-frog Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was demonstrated for the first time in a quantum wire-like (commonly referred as quantum dash) SOA 18 where systematic, coherent Rabi oscillations and self-induced transparency were clearly observed. Furthermore, by a comparison with a simulation of the Maxwell and Schrödinger equations 19 , we were able to decipher the time evolution of effective ensemble states along the propagation axis. Following the demonstrations of Rabi oscillations in a quantum dash amplifier 18 , the observations were repeated in zerodimensional quantum systems, as reported for an InP based quantum dot SOA operating at 1,550 nm (ref.…”

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Coherent control in a semiconductor optical amplifier operating at room temperature

et al. 2014

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Quantum decoherence times in semiconductors are extremely short, particularly at room temperature where the quantum phase is completely erased in a fraction of a picosecond. However, they are still of finite duration during which the quantum phase is well defined and can be tailored. Recently, we demonstrated that quantum coherent phenomena can be easily accessed by examining the phase and amplitude of an optical pulse following propagation along a room temperature semiconductor optical amplifier. Taking the form of Rabi oscillations, these recent observations enabled to decipher the time evolution of the ensemble states. Here we demonstrate the Ramsey analogous experiment known as coherent control. Remarkably, coherent control occurs even under room temperature conditions and enables to directly resolve the dephasing times. These results may open a new way for the realization of room temperature semiconductor-based ultra-high speed quantum processors with all the advantages of upscaling and low-cost manufacturing.

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Optoelectronic Device Simulations Based on Macroscopic Maxwell–Bloch Equations

Jirauschek

Riesch

Tzenov

2019

Advcd Theory and Sims

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Due to their intuitiveness, flexibility, and relative numerical efficiency, the macroscopic Maxwell-Bloch (MB) equations are a widely used semiclassical and semi-phenomenological model to describe optical propagation and coherent light-matter interaction in media consisting of discrete-level quantum systems. This review focuses on the application of this model to advanced optoelectronic devices, such as quantum cascade and quantum dot lasers. The Bloch equations are here treated as a density matrix model for driven quantum systems with two or multiple discrete energy levels, where dissipation is included by Lindblad terms. Furthermore, the 1D MB equations for semiconductor waveguide structures and optical fibers are rigorously derived. Special analytical solutions and suitable numerical methods are presented. Due to the importance of the MB equations in computational electrodynamics, an emphasis is placed on the comparison of different numerical schemes, both with and without the rotating wave approximation. The implementation of additional effects which can become relevant in semiconductor structures, such as spatial hole burning, inhomogeneous broadening, and local-field corrections, is discussed. Finally, links to microscopic models and suitable extensions of the Lindblad formalism are briefly addressed. of a lower bandgap material than the adjacent layers, which restricts the free electron motion in that layer to the in-plane directions and gives rise to quantized energy states in growth direction. As a consequence of the further restriction of the energy spectrum and the even stronger carrier localization, additional improvement can be expected from 2D or 3D confinement, resulting in quantum wire/dash and quantum dot (QD) structures, respectively. Indeed, QD [1][2][3] and quantum dash [4] lasers and laser amplifiers have been shown to exhibit excellent characteristics. In Figure 1, the formation of quantized states in quantum wells, wires, and dots is schematically illustrated. The term quantum dash refers to an elongated nanostructure, that is, some kind of short quantum wire. By contrast, the term nanowire does not necessarily indicate strong quantum confinement. For example, in nanowire lasers, the nanowire geometry typically serves as a single-mode optical waveguide resonator, while the active region is based on a heterostructure or quantum well, as in a conventional laser diode. [5,6] Semiconductor optoelectronic devices usually rely on electron-hole recombination, that is, optical transitions between conduction and valence band states. The associated resonance wavelength is largely determined by the semiconductor bandgap, which establishes a lower bound on the transition energy. Thus, the coverage of a certain spectral region depends on the existence of suitable semiconductor materials, which for example restricts the availability of practical optoelectronic sources and detectors in the mid-infrared and terahertz regions. An alternative concept is based on intersubband devices, which employ so-called i...

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A Finite-Difference Time-Domain Model for Quantum-Dot Lasers and Amplifiers in the Maxwell–Schrödinger Framework

Cited by 31 publications

References 15 publications

Nonlinear pulse propagation in InAs/InP quantum dot optical amplifiers: Rabi oscillations in the presence of nonresonant nonlinearities

Nonlinear pulse propagation in InAs/InP quantum dot optical amplifiers: Rabi oscillations in the presence of nonresonant nonlinearities

Coherent control in a semiconductor optical amplifier operating at room temperature

Optoelectronic Device Simulations Based on Macroscopic Maxwell–Bloch Equations

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