A field study evaluating the humoral immune response in Mongolian sheep vaccinated against sheeppox virus

Fay, Petra C.; Limon, Georgina; Ulziibat, Gerelmaa; Khanui, Buyantogtokh; Myagmarsuren, Odonchimeg; Tore, Gessica; Khishgee, Bodisaikhan; Flannery, John; Sandag, Batkhuyag; Damdinjav, Batchuluun; Beard, Philippa M.

doi:10.1111/tbed.14163

“…The three species of capripoxviruses (LSDV, goatpox virus and sheeppox virus) are genetically very similar and serologically indistinct. Previous studies examining immune responses to capripoxvirus vaccination indicate both a cellmediated and humoral immune response is generated (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). Strong antibody responses are produced by cattle that are vaccinated with live attenuated strains of LSDV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route

Fay

¹

,

Wijesiriwardana

²

,

Munyanduki

³

et al. 2022

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes severe disease in cattle and water buffalo and is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors. Detailed information of the adaptive and innate immune response to LSDV is limited, hampering the development of tools to control the disease. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the immune responses of calves experimentally inoculated with LSDV via either needle-inoculation or arthropod-inoculation using virus-positive Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti vectors. Seven out of seventeen needle-inoculated calves (41%) developed clinical disease characterised by multifocal necrotic cutaneous nodules. In comparison 8/10 (80%) of the arthropod-inoculated calves developed clinical disease. A variable LSDV-specific IFN-γ immune response was detected in the needle-inoculated calves from 5 days post inoculation (dpi) onwards, with no difference between clinical calves (developed cutaneous lesions) and nonclinical calves (did not develop cutaneous lesions). In contrast a robust and uniform cell-mediated immune response was detected in all eight clinical arthropod-inoculated calves, with little response detected in the two nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves. Neutralising antibodies against LSDV were detected in all inoculated cattle from 5-7 dpi. Comparison of the production of anti-LSDV IgM and IgG antibodies revealed no difference between clinical and nonclinical needle-inoculated calves, however a strong IgM response was evident in the nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves but absent in the clinical arthropod-inoculated calves. This suggests that early IgM production is a correlate of protection in LSD. This study presents the first evidence of differences in the immune response between clinical and nonclinical cattle and highlights the importance of using a relevant transmission model when studying LSD.

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“…Romanian, RM-65, and Kenyan live-attenuated sheeppox strains vaccines are commonly used to protect sheep against sheeppox [ 6 ]. Protective antibodies following vaccination take a relatively long time to manifest; in a previous study of goatpox vaccine-immunized sheep, the authors began to collect serum samples for the detection of antibodies 40 days post-vaccination [ 7 ]. Similarly, in a previous study to protect against lumpy skin disease in cattle using the Romanian strain sheeppox vaccine, antibodies appeared after 7 days and reached a protective level 21 days post-vaccination [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are commercially available, live attenuated sheeppox vaccines that are being used more for the protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease than for the protection of sheep against sheeppox. Studies which evaluate emergency vaccination against sheeppox and post-vaccinal investigations under field conditions are very limited [ 7 ]. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the performance of two commercially available live attenuated sheeppox vaccines for emergency vaccination against sheeppox in a highly susceptible population, which has not previously been reported in Egypt, nor worldwide, based on the best of our knowledge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Vaccination as a Control Strategy against Sheeppox Outbreak in a Highly Susceptible Population

Oreiby

¹

,

Seada²,

Elazab

³

et al. 2022

Animals

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0

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This study aimed to investigate a sheeppox outbreak in a highly susceptible naive sheep population in Kharsit village, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Moreover, to compare commercial sheeppox vaccines, the Romanian strain and RM-65 vaccines, as emergency vaccination against sheeppox under field conditions. In December 2018, a sheeppox outbreak occurred in a flock of 65 sheep upon the purchase of an apparently healthy ewe from outside the village. This ewe showed a systemic disease with cutaneous lesions after a few days, thereafter more cases began to appear. Cutaneous lesions in other sheep in the flock in the form of macules, papules, and scabs were common in wool-less areas of the body, in addition to fever and respiratory disorders. Postmortem findings revealed the congestion of visceral organs with apparent gross pathology of the lung. Biopsies of cutaneous lesions and visceral organs were collected, and sheeppox was identified by histopathology and transmission electron microscopy, which showed the existence of sheeppox cells and intracytoplasmic brick-shape sheeppox virions. The Romanian strain and RM-65 vaccines were used for the emergency vaccination for two different groups of animals and the third group was left as a control group. Serum samples were collected before vaccination as well as 21 days post-vaccination, and serum protein fractionation analysis was performed for all groups. The outbreak ended after 2.5 months, the cumulative incidence was 66.2%, and the overall case fatality was 51.1%. There was significantly higher protection against sheeppox infection and mortalities among RM-65 vaccine immunized group compared to Romanian strain vaccine-immunized animals at p < 0.05. RM-65-vaccinated animals did not show sheeppox cases or mortalities, compared to Romanian strain-vaccinated animals, which had mild pox signs in 78% of animals and case fatality of 35.7%. The serum protein analysis also indicated the superior performance of the RM-65 vaccine; it increased the level of α1-globulin and β-globulin compared to the Romanian strain, which increased the level of β-globulin only. The current study shows a better performance of the tested RM-65 than the Romanian strain vaccine for emergency vaccination against sheeppox under field conditions. These findings point to the validity of emergency vaccination against sheeppox and the importance of the comparative field evaluation of vaccines; however, wide-scale studies are required for further evaluation. Future investigation of whether the Romanian strain itself or vaccine-production-related issues are responsible for these findings is required.

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“…Strong antibody responses are produced by cattle that are vaccinated with live attenuated strains of LSDV. Both binding antibodies (bAbs) and neutralising antibodies (nAbs) are detected and titres can vary markedly between clinical and nonclinical animals (26,31,(33)(34)(35). Neutralising antibodies play a role in long-term protection post-vaccination, similar to other poxviruses (36,37), and have been shown to be long-lasting in follow-up studies in goats and sheep vaccinated against sheeppox virus (28,30,31).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three species of capripoxviruses (LSDV, goatpox virus and sheeppox virus) are genetically very similar and serologically indistinct. Previous studies examining immune responses to capripoxvirus vaccination indicate both a cell-mediated and humoral immune response is generated (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). Strong antibody responses are produced by cattle that are vaccinated with live attenuated strains of LSDV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route

Fay

¹

,

Wijesiriwardana

²

,

Munyanduki

³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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0

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes severe disease in cattle and water buffalo and is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors. Detailed information of the adaptive and innate immune response to LSDV is limited, hampering the development of tools to control the disease. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the immune responses of calves experimentally inoculated with LSDV via either needle-inoculation or arthropod-inoculation using virus-positive Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti vectors. Seven out of seventeen needle-inoculated calves (41%) developed clinical disease characterised by multifocal necrotic cutaneous nodules. In comparison 8/10 (80%) of the arthropod-inoculated calves developed clinical disease. A variable LSDV-specific IFN-γ immune response was detected in the needle-inoculated calves from 5 days post inoculation (dpi) onwards, with no difference between clinical calves (developed cutaneous lesions) and nonclinical calves (did not develop cutaneous lesions). In contrast a robust and uniform cell-mediated immune response was detected in all eight clinical arthropod-inoculated calves, with little response detected in the two nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves. Neutralising antibodies against LSDV were detected in all inoculated cattle from 5-7 dpi. Comparison of the production of anti-LSDV IgM and IgG antibodies revealed no difference between clinical and nonclinical needle-inoculated calves, however a strong IgM response was evident in the nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves but absent in the clinical arthropod-inoculated calves. This suggests that early IgM production is a correlate of protection in LSD. This study presents the first evidence of differences in the immune response between clinical and nonclinical cattle and highlights the importance of using a relevant transmission model when studying LSD.

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A field study evaluating the humoral immune response in Mongolian sheep vaccinated against sheeppox virus

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route

The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route

Emergency Vaccination as a Control Strategy against Sheeppox Outbreak in a Highly Susceptible Population

The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route

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