A field investigation into the effects of a kelp forest (<i>Macrocystis pyrifera</i>) on coastal hydrodynamics and transport

Rosman, Johanna H.; Koseff, Jeffrey R.; Monismith, Stephen G.; Grover, Jamie

doi:10.1029/2005jc003430

Cited by 113 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We found that, even when the free-stream flow above a reef is rapid, there are microhabitats just a few centimeters below the reef surface that are protected from high velocities. Similarly, field measurements have revealed protected microhabitats within aggregations of sea anemones (Koehl 1977) and mussels (Wethey 2004), and within kelp beds (Koehl and Alberte 1988;Jackson 1997;Rosman et al 2007) and coral reefs . Because we could only use the LDA to measure water velocities in regions within the reef where the laser beams could penetrate, we were unable to quantify the flow environments in narrow crevices between closely spaced coral branches deep within the reef.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

2009

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This study investigates a key aspect of how ambient flow affects the recruitment of water-dispersed marine larvae onto benthic substrata: the sweeping away of larvae that have landed on surfaces. Through a combination of field and laboratory measurements, we studied how waves interact with a complex substratum to affect hydrodynamic forces encountered by microscopic larvae sitting at different positions on the bottom terrain. We used larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae settling onto coral reefs as the system to address this question. Laser Doppler anemometry was utilized within a laboratory flume to measure water velocities encountered 200 mm from coral surfaces by microscopic larvae sitting at different locations within a reef of the branching coral Porites compressa. Comparing wave-driven flow, based on conditions measured over P. compressa reefs in Hawaii, with unidirectional flow of the same mean velocity, we found that peak shear stresses along coral surfaces were ,15 times greater and hydrodynamic forces on larvae were ,10 times higher in wave conditions. Peak forces on larvae sitting on the reef top were 3-10 times greater than on larvae 5-10 cm below the reef top. Intermittent bursts of high velocity, which occurred more often at the reef top than within it, determined the settlement probability for larvae in different reef microhabitats. The faster and more strongly a larva sticks to a surface, the higher the probability of successful settlement. Using values for P. sibogae adhesive strength, we predict they can settle only on sheltered surfaces within reefs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

2009

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“…In shelf regions, larval transport is dominated by along-shelf circulation and upwelling or downwelling (Epifanio and Garvine, 2001;Hare et al, 2002;Shanks and Brink, 2005). However, transport is also influenced by waves through Stokes drift, which intensifies near the surface and can produce large transport velocities approaching the magnitude of net current velocities (Phillips, 1966;Monismith and Fong, 2004;Rosman et al, 2007). Stokes drift could enhance or reduce return transport to estuaries (Johnson, 1995), and these effects would be magnified if larvae altered their behavior in wavy conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic sensing and behavior by oyster larvae in turbulence and waves

Fuchs

Gerbi

Hunter

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Hydrodynamic signals from turbulence and waves may provide marine invertebrate larvae with behavioral cues that affect the pathways and energetic costs of larval delivery to adult habitats. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) live in sheltered estuaries with strong turbulence and small waves, but their larvae can be transported into coastal waters with large waves. These contrasting environments have different ranges of hydrodynamic signals, because turbulence generally produces higher spatial velocity gradients, whereas waves can produce higher temporal velocity gradients. To understand how physical processes affect oyster larval behavior, transport and energetics, we exposed larvae to different combinations of turbulence and waves in flow tanks with (1) wavy turbulence, (2) a seiche and (3) rectilinear accelerations. We quantified behavioral responses of individual larvae to local instantaneous flows using twophase, infrared particle-image velocimetry. Both high dissipation rates and high wave-generated accelerations induced most larvae to swim faster upward. High dissipation rates also induced some rapid, active dives, whereas high accelerations induced only weak active dives. In both turbulence and waves, faster swimming and active diving were achieved through an increase in propulsive force and power output that would carry a high energetic cost. Swimming costs could be offset if larvae reaching surface waters had a higher probability of being transported shoreward by Stokes drift, whereas diving costs could be offset by enhanced settlement or predator avoidance. These complex behaviors suggest that larvae integrate multiple hydrodynamic signals to manage dispersal tradeoffs, spending more energy to raise the probability of successful transport to suitable locations.

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“…Larger-scale pressure gradients associated with changes in speed and direction can additionally establish second-order, offshore flows within the forest. Internal waves and bores that propagate on density discontinuities in the water column may drive cross-shore currents that move in opposite directions in different depth strata (Jackson, 1984;Leichter et al, 1998;Rosman et al, 2007). Importantly, a number of the above transport and mixing processes are interconnected.…”

Section: Forest-wide Delivery and Exchange Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of transport and mixing processes in kelp forest ecology

Gaylord¹,

Nickols²,

Jurgens³

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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where B, D, I and E are the number of births, deaths, immigrants and emigrants, respectively. The biology of canopy-forming kelps like Macrocystis is such that there are multiple avenues by which physical processes influence terms on the right-hand side of Eqn 1. Among the most obvious are those affecting immigration and emigration rates, although all four parameters may be impacted. Kelps [i.e. brown algae of the order Laminariales (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976)] produce reproductive propagules (microscopic spores) that serve as the primary agent of dispersal and have little capacity for swimming. Therefore, hydrodynamics dictate how far spores are carried, whether they exit their population of origin, and rates at which they enter adjacent populations. Properties of spore transport interact with other life history features as well. Most canopy-forming kelps have specific depth and substrate requirements, which confine them to locations where there is adequate light for growth and rocky seafloor for attachment. Especially for taxa that inhabit deeper, subtidal waters (5-30m depth), these constraints encourage discontinuities in distribution, with populations growing as disjunct forests separated by expanses Accepted 13 September 2011 Summary Fluid-dynamic transport and mixing processes affect birth, death, immigration and emigration rates in kelp forests, and can modulate broader community interactions. In the most highly studied canopy-forming kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (the giant kelp), models of hydrodynamic and oceanographic phenomena influencing spore movement provide bounds on reproduction, quantify patterns of local and regional propagule supply, identify scales of population connectivity, and establish context for agents of early life mortality. Other analyses yield insight into flow-mediated species interactions within kelp forests. In each case, advances emerge from the use of ecomechanical approaches that propagate physical-biological connections at the scale of the individual to higher levels of ecological organization. In systems where physical factors strongly influence population, community or ecosystem properties, such mechanics-based methods promote crucial progress but are just beginning to realize their full potential.

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A field investigation into the effects of a kelp forest (Macrocystis pyrifera) on coastal hydrodynamics and transport

Cited by 113 publications

References 34 publications

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

Hydrodynamic sensing and behavior by oyster larvae in turbulence and waves

Roles of transport and mixing processes in kelp forest ecology

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