“…The C 1s spectra exhibit a sharp peak at 284.3 eV with additional contributions at higher binding energies as shown in Figure 2B-D. A best fit of the C 1s envelope was obtained using 5 contributions at 284.3, 285.1, 286.1, 288.9 and 291.2 eV that can be attributed to trigonally bonded carbon (sp 2 centers), tetrahedrally bonded carbon (sp 3 centers), C-O/C=O carbon, carboxylic acid groups and π-π* shake up peaks, respectively. 29 A summary of the % composition for sp 2 , sp 3 and oxidised carbon centers is reported in Table 1. The sp 3 contribution remains constant at ~15% for all samples, however, the sp 2 concentration increases from 63% for G-ANF-1 to 70 and 69% for G-ANF-3 and G-ANF-7, respectively.…”