A female funerary bundle from Huaca Malena

Frame, Mary; Falcón, Rommel Angeles

doi:10.1179/0077629714z.00000000013

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Th is motif appears in other Middle Horizon contexts as well, including Cerro de Oro (Varillas Palacios 2016: Fig. 80), Huaca Malena (Pozzi-Escot and Ángeles 2011: 111, 119;Frame andÁngeles 2014: Fig. 40, 42), Huaca Pucllana (Vargas Nalvarte 2013: Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Tapestry-Woven Textiles from Castillo de Huarmey, Peru and the Wari-Huarmey Textile Tradition

Laszczka¹,

Prządka-Giersz²

2021

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Peruvian tapestries are prestige textiles, known for their mosaic-like patterns made of multicoloured yarns. Numerous tapestry fragments from the Middle Horizon Period (650-1050 A.D.) were found at the Castillo de Huarmey archaeological site on the North Coast of Peru, where an intact Wari royal mausoleum was discovered. Relying on technological and iconographical analyses and, also on the context of the entire textile collection, a new Middle Horizon tradition associated with the expansion of Wari culture is proposed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Tapestry-Woven Textiles from Castillo de Huarmey, Peru and the Wari-Huarmey Textile Tradition

Laszczka¹,

Prządka-Giersz²

2021

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“…The paleoradiographic approach emphasizes the use of nondestructive imaging to visualize the contents of the fardo (Nelson et al 2021). Fardos are traditionally studied by unwrapping them (e.g., Diaz 2015; Frame et al 2004Frame et al , 2012Frame and Falcón 2014). This process yields important information about body modification (e.g., tattoos), textiles, and wrapping details, but it destroys the context of the fardo, and once the fardo is separated into its components (metals, textiles, bones, etc.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Headless Burials from Pachacamac, Peru

Nelson,

Motley,

Watson

et al. 2024

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A paleoradiographic survey of funerary bundles (fardos) from a Late Intermediate Period (1000 A.D.–1472 A.D.) cemetery in Sector 3 of the site of Pachacamac, Peru, demonstrated that 15 out of 61 individuals had had their head removed when the body was in an advanced state of skeletonization/mummification. Detailed analysis of the field report, the fardos themselves, and X-rays and computed tomography scans of the fardos suggested that nine of these individuals were potential candidates for head removal in antiquity. Of those nine, six appeared to be clear examples of this practice. The analysis of multiple lines of evidence suggests that the use of this cemetery was complex, as part of a dynamic mortuary program that involved exposing the body for varying lengths of time and repeated excavations for new interments when earlier burials were encountered. We conclude that these heads were removed from funerary bundles when graves were being dug for subsequent burials and the specific identity of the bundled individual had been lost. When considered within the abundant archaeological record of decapitation in the Pre-Hispanic Andes, as well as ethnohistoric accounts, this pattern is consistent with reported retrieval of heads as material manifestations of ancestors. However, when placed within the broader context of contemporary sites from the Central and Southern Coast, it is clear that specific cultural motivations may have varied through space and time. L’étude paléoradiographique de paquets funéraires (fardos) provenant d’un cimetière de la période intermédi-aire tardive (1000 A.D.– 1472 A.D.) dans le secteur 3 du site de Pachacamac, Pérou, a démontré que 15 des 61 in-dividus avaient subi une ablation de la tête lorsque que le corps était dans un état avancé de squelettisation/momification. L’analyse détaillée du rapport de fouille, des fardos eux- mêmes, ainsi que les résultats des radiographies et des tomodensitogrammes des fardos suggèrent que neuf de ces individus figuraient comme des candidats potentiels à la décollation sur la période considérée. Sur ces neuf individus, six d’entre eux semblent être des exemples clairs de cette pratique. L’analyse de plusieurs sources de données suggère que l’utilisation de ce cimetière était complexe et s’inscrivait dans le cadre d’un système mortuaire dynamique qui impliquait l’expo-sition du corps pour des durées variées ainsi que l’exhumation d’anciennes tombes pour procéder à de nouveaux ensevelissements. Nous concluons que ces têtes ont été soustraites des paquets funéraires lors du creusement de nouvelles tombes lorsque l’identité spécifique de l’individu anciennement inhumé avait été perdue. Si l’on tient compte de l’abondante documentation archéologique sur la décapitation dans les Andes pré- Hispaniques, ainsi que les récits ethnohistoriques, ce schéma est cohérent avec la récupération des têtes en tant que manifestations matérielles des ancêtres. Cependant, en se plaçant dans le contexte plus large des sites contemporains de la côte centrale et méridionale, il n’est pas à écarter que les motivations culturelles spécifiques aient pu varier dans l’espace et dans le temps. Mots clés: Pérou; sépulture sans tête; archéologie mortuaire; préhispanique Un estudio paleoradiográfico de fardos funerarios del Período Intermedio Tardío (1000 d.C.–1472 d.C.) del cementerio en el Sector 3 del sitio de Pachacamac, Perú, demostró que 15 individuos de un total de 61 personas les habían extraído la cabeza cuando el cuerpo se encontraba en un estado avanzado de esqueletización/momificación. Análisis detallado del informe de campo, los fardos mismos, como también las radiografías y las tomografías computarizadas de los fardos sugirieron que nueve de estos individuos eran potenciales candidatos para la remoción de cabezas en la antigüedad. De esos nueve, seis parecen ser claros ejemplos de esta práctica. El análisis de múltiples líneas de evidencia sugiere que el uso de este cementerio fue complejo, como parte de un programa mortuorio dinámico que implicó la exposición del cuerpo durante períodos de tiempo variables y excavaciones repetidas para nuevas inhumaciones cuando se encontraron entierros anteriores. Concluimos que estas cabezas fueron retiradas de los fardos funerarios cuando se cavaban las tumbas para entierros posteriores y se había perdido la identidad específica del individuo envuelto. Cuando se considera dentro del abundante registro arqueológico de decapitaciones en los Andes Pre-hispanos, así como los relatos etnohistóricos, este patrón es consistente con la recuperación de cabezas reportada como manifestación material de los antepasados. Sin embargo, cuando se les sitúa dentro del contexto más amplio de los sitios contemporáneos de la costa central y sur, queda claro que las motivaciones culturales específicas pueden haber variado a través del espacio y el tiempo. Palabras claves: Perú; Pachacamac; entierro sin cabeza; arqueología mortuoria; Prehispánico

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“…The study of grave goods detected inside bundles is also reliant upon archaeological -not medical -specialists (i.e., Watson et al, 2019). For all the foregoing reasons, therefore, bioarchaeologists tend to rely upon the dissection and unwrapping of bundles, an approach which has been utilized by Andeanists to great effect (Diaz Arriola, 2015; Eeckhout, 2012;1999a;2002;Flores, 2013;Frame et al, 2004Frame et al, , 2012Frame & Falcón, 2014;Kauffmann-Doig, 1994;Mendoza, 1983;Paul, 1990;Ravines et al, 1976;Ruiz, 1991;Tello & Xesspe, 1979;Valladolid, 2000). However, unwrapping mummies has always been associated with showmanship rather than with academia and has become increasingly unpopular, given the irreversible damage done to the specimen, the di culty in accurately recording spatial relationships between elements and inclusions, and the lack of conventions for scoring such information.…”

Section: Analytical Approaches To Mummies and Funerary Bundlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computed Tomography and Dissection Study of a Unique Ychsma Burial Bundle from the site of Pachacamac, Peruvian Central Coast

Owens

Eeckhout

2023

Preprint

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Computed tomography (CT) scans of funerary bundles have become the convention for mummy studies, especially in Andean contexts. Increasingly high-resolution 3D imaging – as well as ethical issues surrounding the treatment of human remains, has led to the increasing conviction that mummy studies should be carried out using solely digital approaches. However, the fact that these approaches are non-invasive inevitably stymies our understanding of how accurate they are, compared to traditional unwrapping. A large, complex Ychsma bundle (dated to AD1020-1150) was recovered from Pachacamac, Peru, in 2018, and was analysed using a dual approach. A series of CT images were scored for bundle structure, body position, element presence, and anatomy/pathology; the bundle was then dissected and the data was compared. CT imaging performed well for body position, element presence and certain aspects of anatomy/pathology. However, the presence of radio-opaque inclusions following the internal deterioration in antiquity served to obscure various elements, while the CT was also unable to distinguish any of the layers of textile and botanical wrappings or any artefacts within them. The CT was also unable to determine that the bundle contained two individuals; the original individual had been partially removed and other elements incorporated, but as there was no element duplication the CT imaging could not differentiate the individuals. In addition to providing new information concerning bundle reprocessing and the use of trophy items among the Ychsma, this is both a support and cautionary tale towards the use of radiographic imaging in the analysis of Andean bundles.

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A female funerary bundle from Huaca Malena

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Tapestry-Woven Textiles from Castillo de Huarmey, Peru and the Wari-Huarmey Textile Tradition

Tapestry-Woven Textiles from Castillo de Huarmey, Peru and the Wari-Huarmey Textile Tradition

Headless Burials from Pachacamac, Peru

A Computed Tomography and Dissection Study of a Unique Ychsma Burial Bundle from the site of Pachacamac, Peruvian Central Coast

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