A feasible strategy based on high ultrasound frequency and mass spectrometry for discriminating individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia through ionomic profile

Abstract

Rationale A viable and accurate method based on high‐power ultrasound‐assisted microextraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed to determine metals in human serum from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Methods A simple and rapid sample preparation method using a cup–horn sonoreactor was developed. The acid concentration of HNO3 (10, 20, and 40% v/v) and HCl (1, 5, 15, and 30% v/v) of the extraction solution, the sonication time (1, 3, 6, and 10 min), and the sonication amplitude (20, 40, 60, and 80%) were evaluated. Cd, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, and Zn were determined in serum samples from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and from healthy controls. Quantitative metal recoveries using the proposed method were compared under the same conditions using an ultrasonic bath, magnetic stirring, and microwave‐assisted digestion. Results Optimum extraction conditions were obtained using HNO3 (40% v/v) + HCl (30% v/v) as the extraction solution with 3 min sonication time and 60% sonication amplitude. Significant differences were observed among the methods compared. On application of the sample preparation method based on high‐power ultrasound‐assisted microextraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Pb and Cd in all the studied samples were below the limit of detection of our method. Compared with healthy controls, the concentration of Cu, Li, Fe, and Zn was found to be significantly higher for the bipolar disorder group, while these metals and Li were found at a lower level for the group diagnosed with schizophrenia. Conclusions Principal component analysis showed a significant separation for the groups studied based on their ionomic profiles after the application of high‐power ultrasound‐assisted microextraction as a sample preparation strategy.

Trace element homeostasis in the neurological system after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight into potential biochemical mechanisms

“…On the other hand, both PrP C and α-synuclein have ferrireductase activity that regulates the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratio in synapses, thereby, controlling the neurotransmitter synthesis [15] , [145] , [146] . However, when homeostasis of metals is interrupted, degradation of neuronal synapses occurs, contributing to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders [15] , [19] , [149] , [150] . A mechanism of metal imbalance in the synapse, contributing to neurological disorders has also been suggested ( Fig.…”