The self-learning method is used to realize the online monitoring of optical cable after the fault occurs. According to the fuzzy characteristic of cable fault, a fuzzy basis function network is constructed which is similar to nonlinear function. Thus, the dynamic characteristics of the cable system are obtained. Then, this paper iterates each additional sample to realize the learning of the center point and radial of the network. A normal multivariable fuzzy distribution is used to determine the expected output of the new sample, and recursive operations are performed on the matrix and covariance matrix of the original sample. In this way, all failure probability distributions at the sampling points are obtained. Finally, the hardware module of the system is designed from two aspects: the distributed short-circuit fault collecting and processing equipment and the on-line temperature measuring equipment for grounding fault. In this way, the functions of software module reset, storage and communication are realized.