“…Based on the relevant literature, the HRC fault diagnosis methods can be roughly classified into the following three categories: model analysis-based methods [4,14,15,21], signal processing-based methods [5,6,8,[10][11][12][13]18,20], and knowledge-based methods [7,9,16,17,19]. Among them, the model analysis method delves into the fault model and mechanism of machines, but, in practical application, it relies on accurate mathematical models.…”