A fatal poisoning with LSD

Fysh, R.R.; Oon, M.C.H.; Robinson, Katherine; Smith, Richard; White, P.C.; Whitehouse, Martin J.

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(85)90067-2

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Many psychedelics, including LSD and psilocybin, have been associated with hyperthermia in 2-4% of a large sample of thousands of calls to US poison centers (Friedman and Hirsch, 1971;Leonard et al, 2018). Despite this clear link to hyperthermia, non-behavioral fatalities with LSD and psilocybin are almost non-existent -we could find only one decades-old case report of a non-behavioral fatality attributed to LSD in which the circumstances were not described (Fysh et al, 1985;Nichols and Grob, 2018). Despite their relative recency, a number of fatalities have been associated with non-tryptamine N-benzyl-dimethoxy phenethylamines (NBOMes) (Hill et al, 2013;Kueppers and Cooke, 2015;Shanks et al, 2015) and the substituted tryptamine 5-MeO-DiPT (Tanaka et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)_2AReceptor (5-HT_2AR), 5-HT_2CR, 5-HT_1AR, and Serotonin Transporter

Kozell

Eshleman

Swanson

et al. 2023

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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Novel psychoactive substances, including synthetic substituted tryptamines, represent a potential public health threat. Additionally, some substituted tryptamines are being studied, under medical guidance, as potential treatments of psychiatric disorders.Characterizing the basic pharmacology of substituted tryptamines will aid in understanding differences in potential for harm or therapeutic use. Using HEK cells stably expressing 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2A , and 5-HT 2C receptors (5-HT 1A R, 5-HT 2A R, 5HT 2C R respectively) or the serotonin transporter (SERT), we measured affinities, potencies and efficacies of 21 substituted tryptamines. With the exception of two 4-acetoxy compounds, substituted tryptamines exhibited affinities and potencies less than one micromolar at the 5-HT 2A R, the primary target for psychedelic effects. In comparison, half or more exhibited low affinities/potencies at 5-HT 2C R, 5-HT 1A R, and SERT. Sorting by the ratio of 5-HT 2A to 5-HT 2C , 5-HT 1A , or SERT affinity revealed chemical determinants of selectivity. We found that while 4-substituted compounds exhibited affinities that ranged across a factor of 100, they largely exhibited high selectivity for 5-HT 2A Rs versus 5-HT 1A Rs and 5-HT 2C Rs. 5-substituted compounds exhibited high affinities for 5-HT 1A Rs, low affinities for 5-HT 2C Rs, and a range of affinities for 5-HT 2A Rs, resulting in selectivity for 5-HT 2A Rs versus 5-HT 2C Rs but not versus 5-HT 1A Rs.Additionally, a number of psychedelics bound to SERT, with non-ring substituted tryptamines most consistently exhibiting binding. Interestingly, substituted tryptamines and known psychedelic standards exhibited a broad range of efficacies, which were lower as a class at 5-HT 2A Rs compared to 5-HT 2C Rs and 5-HT 1A Rs. Conversely,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)_2AReceptor (5-HT_2AR), 5-HT_2CR, 5-HT_1AR, and Serotonin Transporter

Kozell

Eshleman

Swanson

et al. 2023

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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“…The hallucinatory effect of LSD causes drug users to lose control of their behavior and their ability to perform simple tasks. Death attributed to the direct effects of LSD has been reported (1,2). The abusive use of LSD is currently undergoing a resurgence in the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidation of LSD In Vitro Metabolism by Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry*

Cai

Henion

1996

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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The in vitro metabolism of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by human liver microsomes was investigated. Tandem mass spectrometric techniques, using precursor and neutral loss scans, were employed in the initial search for drug metabolites. The determination of LSD human liver in vitro metabolites was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Two new in vitro metabolites, lysergic acid ethylamide (LAE) and 2-oxo-LSD, were positively identified; their structures were established by comparing with reference standards. Several other possible in vitro metabolites detected were suggested to be mono- and trioxylated metabolites of LSD. The major metabolic route of LSD by human liver microsomes is deethylation. Some results with LSD-positive human urine are presented. Among the LSD-related compounds detected in human urine specimens, iso-LSD was present at the highest concentration, followed by nor-LSD and isonor-LSD. Low concentrations of LAE and iso-LAE were also found in these urine specimens.

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“…Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogenic drug. Identification and quantitation of LSD in biological samples is of significant importance in forensic and clinical toxicology laboratories as death attributed to the direct effects of LSD has been reported. , Conventional methods for the determination of LSD include radioimmunoassay, , HPLC with fluorescence detection, , capillary electrophoresis, GC/MS, , and HPLC/MS. − Of these, GC/MS and GC/MS/MS are most often used for LSD screening or confirmation in biological samples because of their specificity and selectivity. However, because LSD is irreversibly adsorbed on GC columns, prior derivatization is needed. , LC/ESI-MS and LC/ESI-MS/MS are becoming increasingly popular for the quantitative analysis of LSD without derivatization, − but complex separation procedures are needed prior to ESI-MS analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantitation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Urine Using Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

Cui¹,

McCooeye²,

Fraser³

et al. 2004

Anal. Chem.

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A quantitative method was developed for analysis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine using atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (AP MALDI-ITMS). Following solid-phase extraction of LSD from urine samples, extracts were analyzed by AP MALDI-ITMS. The identity of LSD was confirmed by fragmentation of the [M + H](+) ion using tandem mass spectrometry. The quantification of LSD was achieved using stable-isotope-labeled LSD (LSD-d(3)) as the internal standard. The [M + H](+) ion fragmented to produce a dominant fragment ion, which was used for a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method for quantitative analysis of LSD. SRM was compared with selected ion monitoring and produced a wider linear range and lower limit of quantification. For SRM analysis of samples of LSD spiked in urine, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 1-100 ng/mL with a coefficient of determination, r(2), of 0.9917. This assay was used to determine LSD in urine samples and the AP MALDI-MS results were comparable to the HPLC/ ESI-MS results.

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A fatal poisoning with LSD

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)_2AReceptor (5-HT_2AR), 5-HT_2CR, 5-HT_1AR, and Serotonin Transporter

Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)_2AReceptor (5-HT_2AR), 5-HT_2CR, 5-HT_1AR, and Serotonin Transporter

Elucidation of LSD In Vitro Metabolism by Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry*

Quantitation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Urine Using Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

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A fatal poisoning with LSD

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2AReceptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT2CR, 5-HT1AR, and Serotonin Transporter

Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2AReceptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT2CR, 5-HT1AR, and Serotonin Transporter

Elucidation of LSD In Vitro Metabolism by Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry*

Quantitation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Urine Using Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

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Product

Resources

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Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)_2AReceptor (5-HT_2AR), 5-HT_2CR, 5-HT_1AR, and Serotonin Transporter

Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)_2AReceptor (5-HT_2AR), 5-HT_2CR, 5-HT_1AR, and Serotonin Transporter