A Fast Method for Determination of Seven Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples with the Use of HPLC-FLD

Abstract

Plastic pollution, where bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in its production, has gained popularity. BPA omnipresence and toxicity, especially for infants, has led food safety authorities to place restrictions on BPA usage. It has led to the introduction of the marked ‘BPA-free’-labelled products, where BPA is often replaced by other bisphenols (BPs) which are suspected of being similar or even more toxic than BPA. Moreover, the free forms of BPs are more dangerous than their conjugated forms and the conjugation of BPs is less effective in infants than in adults. Considering that human breast milk is the main source of nutrition for infants, the constant biomonitoring not only of BPA, but the wider group of BPs in such crucial matrices seems to be vital. In this study, a fast, simple, ‘green’ and cost-effective DLLME-based extraction technique combined with HPLC-FLD was optimized for the determination of seven selected bisphenols simultaneously. The procedure has satisfactory recovery values of 67–110% with the most RSD% at 17%. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.5 ng/mL to 2.1 ng/mL and 1.4 ng/mL to 6.3 ng/mL, respectively. The procedure was successfully applied to the biomonitoring of free forms of BPs in 10 real human breast milk samples.

BPS‐induced ovarian dysfunction: Protective actions of melatonin via modulation of SIRT‐1/Nrf2/NFĸB and IR/PI3K/pAkt/GLUT‐4 expressions in adult golden hamster

“…The ubiquitous presence of bisphenols in the environment imposes a great threat to different aspects of human health including reproduction 49 . The occurrence of bisphenols was frequently reported in human samples such as in urine, blood, milk, placenta, and amniotic fluids 1–3,50 . BPS has been detected in the human urine samples at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 21 ng/mL 51,52 .…”

“…But recently BPS has emerged to be as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) found ubiquitously and even detected in human samples such as blood, urine, and breast milk. [1][2][3] Bisphenols negatively impact hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and are a threat to female reproductive health. Reports suggested that exposure to different doses of bisphenols decreased GnRH, luteinizing hormone (LH), and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) levels along with gonadal steroids such as estradiol and progesterone 4,5 leading to a decrease in ovarian aromatase expression.…”

“…Bisphenol S (BPS) was considered to be the “safer alternative” to its previously proven hazardous analog bisphenol A (BPA). But recently BPS has emerged to be as an endocrine‐disrupting chemical (EDC) found ubiquitously and even detected in human samples such as blood, urine, and breast milk 1–3 . Bisphenols negatively impact hypothalamo–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis and are a threat to female reproductive health.…”

Sensitive bisphenol determination of environmental water by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using magnetic sulfo-functionalized metal–organic frameworks nanocomposites as the adsorbent

“…Thus, it is essential to find a simple and sensitive method for BP determination in environmental water. 5 HPLC is a common determination method for BPs because of its facile operation and low cost. However, efficient sample pretreatments are usually needed prior to analysis for the removal of interferents and concentration of analytes.…”