A Fast Estimation Technique for Evaluating the Specific Absorption Rate of Multiple-Antenna Transmitting Devices

Analysis of Electromagnetic Energy Absorption in the Human Body for Mobile Terminals

“…The subscript "1" denotes region one, namely the air gap region, while the subscript "2" denotes region two, namely the human body region. In accordance with equation (6), the attenuation factor of the dominant normal component of the electric field from the air gap to the human body is ε 1 /ε 2 , where ε 1 is air dielectric constant and ε 2 the dielectric constant in the human body. It is therefore very difficult for the electric field to penetrate from the air gap into the human body if the human body has a very large dielectric constant.…”

“…Significant work and progress have been reported in recent years to develop more accurate methods of SAR evaluation and measurements and SAR reduction techniques for mobile hand-held and wearable devices [1]- [6]. However, most of the reported work has been focused on practical approaches, rather than theoretical methodology, to design antennas of mobile devices with low SAR values, and many key questions associated with SAR remain unanswered.…”

Propagation Loss Reduction Between On-Body Antennas by Using a Conductive Strip Line

“…where σ and ρ represent the electric conductivity (S/m) and mass density (kg/m 3 ) of the medium, respectively [14]. However, for simplification, the simplified phantom model (mentioned in Section III) is used to get the maximum amplitudes of electric field (E max ) on its surface at points of y 1 .…”

“…Calculated results show that when the transmitting powers of the two patch antennas are −9.5 and −8.4 dBm, acceptable powers for on-body communication [12], [15], the SAR is satisfied current standards of Europe and Japan [14], respectively.…”

Efficient Experimental Assessment of The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Induced by MIMO Wireless Communication Devices; Application of Vector Near-Field Measurement System

“…One shortcoming o f conservative exposure evaluation approaches is the resulting underestimation o f the maximum permitted radiation power, which in turn might result in an underexploitation o f the MIMO capability. [5], introduced a fast procedure for estimating the true SAR o f MIMO devices through direct measurements, or phase retrieval techniques, o f the electric-field phasor vector. The introduced method for SAR evaluation o f an A-antenna device, requires N(N -1) + 1 measurements if only the amplitude o f the electric field measurement is possible, but uses only N measurements if the electric-field phasor vector is directly measured.…”