A farm-level study of risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter spp. in Iceland, 2001 – 2004

Guerin, Michele T.; Martin, William F.; Reiersen, Jarle; Berke, Olaf; McEwen, Scott A.; Bisaillon, Jean-Robert; Lowman, Ruff

doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-18

Cited by 52 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Arsenault et al (2007) also reported the addition of chlorine to the drinking water helped reduce the risk of Campylobacter and Salmonella colonisation of the intestinal flora. Similarly, other studies have also reported the benefits of chlorination in reducing prevalence of E. coli and/or other pathogens and/or decreasing mortality associated with disease (Dhillon and Jack, 1996;Guerin et al, 2007;Nather et al, 2009;Vandeplas et al, 2010). In this study, not disinfecting the water line between each flock increased the APEC prevalence by 2.2-fold.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, a localised or systemic infection resulting in clinical diseases such as colisepticemia, chronic respiratory disease and swollen-head syndrome. Globally, avian colibacillosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, and it has been associated with massive economic losses and welfare problems.This organism is of public health significance as APEC is communicable to humans. The diagnosis of avian colibacillosis relies on clinical signs, typical pathological lesions and culture of E. coli from affected tissue(s). Antimicrobial therapy is often used both for treatment and control. Previous overseas studies have characterised APEC and identified virulence genes (VGs) that can be used as molecular markers for the identification of APEC. Little is known about APEC in broiler chickens in Australia.The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of APEC in Australian broiler flocks and how factors including presence of VGs and phylogenetic group can improve the identification of this pathotype in Australia. Firstly, three faecal DNA extraction methods were evaluated. Faeces were collected from healthy chickens and chickens with colibacillosis from commercial broiler farms in South East Queensland (SEQ). The extracted DNA was screened by a pentaplex-PCR for five APEC-associated VGs (iroN, iutA, iss, hlyF and ompT). DNA extracted from E. coli isolates cultured from the cloaca and organs of the birds were screened using the same PCR.Repeated bead beating plus column elution was the preferred DNA extraction method, as it yielded good PCR quality and adequate quantity DNA. However, identifying APEC by direct detection of the five VGs from the faecal material was not feasible as all of these genes were also detected in all of the birds. However, the VGs were more commonly detected in E. coli isolates cultured from birds with colibacillosis.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate APEC farm-level prevalence in healthy broiler chickens in SEQ and to identify potential risk factors associated with the carriage of APEC. At the farm-level, all of the 40 farms sampled were positive for APEC, that is at least one bird per farm carried APEC, while the within-farm prevalence was 63% (95% Confidence Interval: 55.8, 70.2).Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was significantly associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water, failure to disinfect the water line after each flock, farm visitors not showering before entering the shed, distances greater than 20 metres between the car park and the poultry shed and the presence of wild birds within 50 metres of the shed. Chlorinating the drinking water combined with automatic water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence. Page | 3Therefore, based on the results concluded from the multivariable model, improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce APEC prevalence, decrease the risk of co...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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“…Campylobacter forms long-term associations with its host [9] and the organism is found in a wide variety of wild mammals and birds and the faeces they produce. External manure storage has been recorded as having a protective [19] as well as promoting effect [11], although the effects in the former case may have been related to local storage practice rather than a beneficial effect of storage sensu lato. However, the incidence of infection in humans [16,17] and broilers [18] also shows seasonality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Campylobacter in housed broiler chickens: a longitudinal study of risk factors

et al. 2009

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Infections by Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of gastrointestinal disease in the United Kingdom. Most cases are associated with the consumption of chicken that has become contaminated during production. We investigated the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in chickens in a 3-year longitudinal study of flocks reared on 30 farms in the United Kingdom. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Effect Models (GLMM) to investigate putative risk factors associated with incidence and prevalence of flock infection arising from farm and flock management and local environmental conditions during rearing. We used survival analysis to investigate infection events and associated risk factors over the course of the study using two marginal models - the independent increment approach, which assumed that individual infection events were independent; and a conditional approach, which assumed that events were conditional on those preceding. Models of flock prevalence were highly overdispersed suggesting that infection within flocks was aggregated. The key predictors of flock infection identified from the GLMM analyses were mean temperature and mean rainfall in the month of slaughter and also the presence of natural ventilation. Mean temperature in the month of slaughter was also a significant predictor of flock infection, although the analyses suggested that the risk in flocks increased in a unimodal way in relation to temperature, peaking at 12 degrees C. The extent of pad burn was also identified as a predictor in these analyses. We conclude that predicting prevalence within flocks with linear modelling approaches is likely to be difficult, but that it may be possible to predict when flocks are at risk of Campylobacter infection. This is a key first step in managing disease and reducing the risks posed to the human food chain.

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“…Season (summer months) Bouwknegt et al, 2004;Barrios et al, 2006;Huneau-Salaün et al, 2007;Zweifel et al, 2008;McDowell et al, 2008;Ellis-Iversen et al, 2009;Jore et al, 2010;EFSA, 2010b;Chowdhury et al, 2012a Age of broilers Berndtson et al, 1996b;Evans & Sayers, 2000;Bouwknegt et al, 2004;Barrios et al, 2006;McDowell et al, 2008;ΕFSA, 2010b;Ansari-Lari et al, 2011;Chowdhury et al, 2012a;Sommer et al, 2013 Partial depopulation practices Hald et al, 2000;Hald et al, 2001;Slader et al, 2002;Ellis-Iversen et al, 2009;Hannson et al, 2010;EFSA, 2010b; Lack of biosecurity measures Humphrey et al, 1993;Van de Giessen et al 1996;Gibbens et al, 2001;Herman et al, 2003;Cardinale et al, 2004 Flock size Berndtson et al, 1996b;Barrios et al, 2006;Guerin et al, 2007a;Nather et al, 2009 Human traffic and farm equipment Berndtson et al, 1996b;Evans & Sayers, 2000;Hald et al, 2000;Cardinale et al, 2004;Ramabu et al, 2004;Hofshagen & Kruse, 2005 Other animals on the farm or very close to the farm van de Giessen...…”

Section: Risk Factor Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Campylobacter spp. infection in humans and poultry

Natsos

Koutoulis

Sossidou

et al. 2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Campylobacter is well recognized as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrheal disease worldwide. The infection may be subclinical or cause disease of variable severity. The eating and handling of improperly cooked or raw broiler meat has been shown to be one of the most important sources of human campylobacteriosis. Birds carrying Campylobacter are asymptomatic colonizers without any clinical signs. Broilers are considered Campylobacter free after hatching and become colonized by exposure to viable bacteria from the environment. Several risk factors can result in the introduction of Campylobacter into the flocks making it difficult to keep chicken flocks free of Campylobacter throughout the rearing period. Lack of biosecurity measures, season, age, partial depopulation practices, flock size, type of production system, presence of other animals on farm, water quality, presence of rodents and mechanical transmission via insects are considered to be some of the risk factors associated with horizontal transmission. The control of Campylobacter in poultry seems crucial for the reduction of human campylobacteriosis cases. In Greece, there has been a dearth of information on prevalence and risk factors of Campylobacter in broiler flocks. Therefore, it is essential to initially investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter infection on farms and in poultry carcasses and subsequently the risk factors at all production stages of broiler meat and plan intervention studies to help reducing the disease in humans. This paper review the most recent data reported worldwide on Campylobacter infection in humans and poultry in order to provide an overview of trends, risks, possible causes and mechanisms of transmission routes.

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A farm-level study of risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter spp. in Iceland, 2001 – 2004

Cited by 52 publications

References 33 publications

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Campylobacter in housed broiler chickens: a longitudinal study of risk factors

Campylobacter spp. infection in humans and poultry

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